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2021-04-11maint: use "char const *" rather than "const char *"Pádraig Brady-2/+2
* cfg.mk (sc_prohibit-const-char): Add a new syntax-check to enforce this style. * *.[ch]: sed -i 's/const char \*/char const */g'
2021-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesPádraig Brady-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright" and then... * gnulib: Update to latest with copyright year adjusted. * tests/init.sh: Sync with gnulib to pick up copyright year. * bootstrap: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Adjust to use the single most recent year.
2020-11-07timeout: support sub-second timeouts on macOSPádraig Brady-7/+31
* m4/jm-macros.m4: Check for setitimer. * src/timeout.c: Use setitimer if timer_settime is not available. * NEWS: Mention the improvement.
2020-06-07doc: timeout: improve documentation of the exit statusBernhard Voelker-6/+15
* doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Document that the exit status is 137 when the KILL signal is used, regardless of whether that signal is sent to COMMAND or timeout. * src/timeout.c (usage): Likewise. Also split out and expand on the possible exit status values to a separate table. Discussed at https://bugs.gnu.org/41634
2020-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesPádraig Brady-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright" and then... * gnulib: Update to latest with copyright year adjusted. * tests/init.sh: Sync with gnulib to pick up copyright year. * bootstrap: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Adjust to use the single most recent year.
2019-01-26printf,seq,sleep,tail,timeout: accept current-locale floatsPaul Eggert-3/+3
These commands now accept floating-point numbers in the current locale, as well as in the C locale. Compatibility problem reported by Robert Elz. * NEWS: Document this. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add cl-strtod, cl-strtold. Remove c-strtold. * doc/coreutils.texi (Floating point, tail invocation) (printf invocation, timeout invocation, sleep invocation) (seq invocation): Document this. * gl/lib/cl-strtod.c, gl/lib/cl-strtod.h, gl/lib/cl-strtold.c: * gl/modules/cl-strtod, gl/modules/cl-strtold: New files. * src/printf.c, src/seq.c, src/sleep.c, src/tail.c, src/timeout.c: Include cl-strtod.h instead of c-strtod. * src/printf.c (vstrtold): * src/seq.c (scan_arg, print_numbers): * src/sleep.c (main): * src/tail.c (parse_options): * src/timeout.c (parse_duration): Use cl_strtold instead of c_strtold.
2019-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesAssaf Gordon-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright" and then... * gnulib: Update to latest with copyright year adjusted. * tests/init.sh: Sync with gnulib to pick up copyright year. * bootstrap: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Adjust to use the single most recent year.
2018-04-18doc: timeout --help: mention 0 DURATION disables timeoutPádraig Brady-2/+2
* src/timeout.c (usage): Mention that a duration of 0 disables the associated timeout, which is both concise info and useful functionality as timeouts are frequently configured.
2018-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesPádraig Brady-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright" and then... * gnulib: Update to latest with copyright year adjusted. * tests/init.sh: Sync with gnulib to pick up copyright year. * bootstrap: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Adjust to use the single most recent year.
2017-11-27timeout: also support short -v optionBernhard Voelker-1/+1
* src/timeout.c (main): Add short option character 'v' to getopt_long call. * tests/misc/timeout.sh: Run the test both for the long and the short option.
2017-11-23timeout: add --verbose to diagnose timeoutsPádraig Brady-1/+19
This is useful as handling in shell is complicated with the varying exit status in the --kill-after case. * src/timeout.c (main): Handle '-v' and store COMMAND for the diagnostic. (cleanup): Diagnose the signal name before sending. (usage): Document -v, --verbose. * doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Likewise. * tests/misc/timeout.sh: Add a test case. * NEWS: Mention the new feature Fixes https://bugs.gnu.org/21760
2017-10-23timeout: fix a small race that would ignore command exitPádraig Brady-4/+11
This fixes a regression from commit v8.26-39-g2f69dba * src/timeout.c (block_cleanup_and_chld): Rename from block_cleanup to indicate we also block SIGCHLD to avoid the race where SIGCHLD fires between waitpid() polling and sigsuspend() waiting for a signal. * NEWS: Mention the fix.
2017-10-23timeout: fix regression when invoked with blocked SIGCHLDThomas Jarosch-10/+14
We inherit the signal mask from our parent process, therefore ensure SIGCHLD is not blocked. If SIGCHLD is blocked, sigsuspend() won't be interrupted when the child process exits and we hang until the timeout (SIGALRM). This fixes a regression from commit v8.26-39-g2f69dba * src/timeout.c (install_sigchld): Ensure SIGCHLD is unblocked. * NEWS: Mention the issue.
2017-09-19all: prefer HTTPS in URLsPaul Eggert-1/+1
2017-03-03timeout: handle multiple children on solarisPádraig Brady-1/+13
* src/timeout.c (install_sigchld): A new function to install the SIGCHLD handler using sigaction() rather than signal(), because with the latter on solaris the signal handler is reset to default and thus sigsuspend() only returns for the first finished child. Reported by Assaf Gordon.
2017-02-09timeout: fix race possibly terminating wrong processTobias Stoeckmann-23/+53
The race is unlikely, as timeout(1) needs to receive a signal in the few operations between waitpid() returning and exit(). Also the system needs to have reallocated the just released pid in this time window. Previously we never disabled the signal handler that sent the termination signal to the "child" pid. However once waitpid() has reaped the child, the system is free to allocate that pid, so we must ensure we don't process any further signals. * build-aux/gen-lists-of-programs.sh: Build timeout(1) optionally... * configure.ac: ...predicated on sigsuspend() being available. * src/timeout.c (block_cleanup): A new function to ensure the cleanup() handler is disabled after waitpid has returned. (main): Use sigsuspend() to wait with cleanup() enabled but disabled once it returns, and thus disabled for the waitpid() call. (monitored_pid): Change to the more accurate pid_t. * NEWS: Mention the fix. Fixes http://bugs.gnu.org/25624
2017-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesPádraig Brady-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright" and then... * gnulib: Update to latest with copyright year adjusted. * tests/init.sh: Sync with gnulib to pick up copyright year. * bootstrap: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Adjust to use the single most recent year.
2016-11-14all: reduce usage of proper_name_utf8()Pádraig Brady-1/+1
This reduces a standard coreutils install size by about 160K. * src/cat.c: Change to proper_name() which removes about 18K text. * src/cp.c: Likewise. * src/df.c: Likewise. * src/du.c: Likewise. * src/getlimits.c: Likewise. * src/realpath.c: Likewise. * src/split.c: Likewise. * src/stdbuf.c: Likewise. * src/timeout.c: Likewise. * src/truncate.c: Likewise. * src/local.mk: Remove -llibiconv from the above programs. * cfg.mk (sc_check-AUTHORS): Adjust to use factor(1). * AUTHORS: Adjust to use ASCII to satisfy sc_check-AUTHORS.
2016-04-21sleep,timeout: support overflowing floating point valuesPádraig Brady-1/+1
* src/sleep.c (main): Allow ERANGE since we allow "inf" values. * src/timeout.c (parse_duration): Likewise. * tests/misc/sleep.sh: New file. Tests for sleep(1). * tests/misc/timeout-parameters.sh: Add case for newly allowed $LDBL_MAX. Also use returns_ throughout the file. Also avoid small timeout values which might give false failures under load.
2016-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesPádraig Brady-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright" and then... * gnulib: Update to latest with copyright year adjusted. * tests/init.sh: Sync with gnulib to pick up copyright year. * bootstrap: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Adjust to use the single most recent year.
2015-05-13timeout: with --foreground don't send SIGCONTPádraig Brady-5/+7
* src/timeout.c (cleanup): Don't send SIGCONT to the monitored program when --foreground is specified, as it's generally not needed for foreground programs, and can cause intermittent signal delivery issues with monitors like GDB for example. * doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Mention that SIGCONT is not sent with --foreground. * NEWS: Mention the behavior change.
2015-04-27maint: fix printf format for signed integersPádraig Brady-1/+1
With GCC 5 and the newly added warnings from gnulib, ensure the correct signed integer is passed for the printf format, to avoid -Werror=format= failures.
2015-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesPádraig Brady-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright" and then... * tests/sample-test: Adjust to use the single most recent year. * tests/du/bind-mount-dir-cycle-v2.sh: Fix case in copyright message, so that year is updated automatically in future.
2014-09-19doc: output correct --help references with --program-prefixPádraig Brady-1/+1
* src/system.h (emit_ancillary_info): Take the invariant PROGRAM_NAME as a parameter, so that consistent references are made to online docs and texinfo nodes, when a --program-prefix is in place. Note the man pages don't need this fix as they're generated before the program prefix is used. * NEWS: Mention the improvements in references to online documentation.
2014-09-08maint: prefer 'return status;' to 'exit (status);' in 'main'Paul Eggert-8/+5
* build-aux/gen-single-binary.sh: Don't use ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN for main functions. * src/base64.c, src/basename.c, src/cat.c, src/chcon.c, src/chgrp.c: * src/chmod.c, src/chown.c, src/chroot.c, src/cksum.c, src/comm.c: * src/cp.c, src/csplit.c, src/cut.c, src/date.c, src/dd.c, src/df.c: * src/dircolors.c, src/dirname.c, src/du.c, src/echo.c, src/env.c: * src/expand.c, src/expr.c, src/factor.c, src/fmt.c, src/fold.c: * src/getlimits.c, src/groups.c, src/head.c, src/hostid.c: * src/hostname.c, src/id.c, src/install.c, src/join.c, src/kill.c: * src/link.c, src/ln.c, src/logname.c, src/ls.c, src/make-prime-list.c: * src/md5sum.c, src/mkdir.c, src/mkfifo.c, src/mknod.c, src/mktemp.c: * src/mv.c, src/nice.c, src/nl.c, src/nohup.c, src/nproc.c: * src/numfmt.c, src/od.c, src/paste.c, src/pathchk.c, src/pinky.c: * src/pr.c, src/printenv.c, src/printf.c, src/ptx.c, src/pwd.c: * src/readlink.c, src/realpath.c, src/rm.c, src/rmdir.c, src/runcon.c: * src/seq.c, src/shred.c, src/shuf.c, src/sleep.c, src/sort.c: * src/split.c, src/stat.c, src/stdbuf.c, src/stty.c, src/sum.c: * src/sync.c, src/tac.c, src/tail.c, src/tee.c, src/timeout.c: * src/touch.c, src/tr.c, src/true.c, src/truncate.c, src/tsort.c: * src/tty.c, src/uname.c, src/unexpand.c, src/uniq.c, src/unlink.c: * src/uptime.c, src/users.c, src/wc.c, src/who.c, src/whoami.c: In 'main' functions, Prefer 'return status;' to 'exit (status);'. * src/coreutils-arch.c (_single_binary_main_uname) (_single_binary_main_arch): * src/coreutils-dir.c, src/coreutils-vdir.c (_single_binary_main_ls) (_single_binary_main_dir, _single_binary_main_vdir): Omit ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN. Return a value. * src/coreutils.c (SINGLE_BINARY_PROGRAM): Omit ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN. (launch_program): Now static. * src/dd.c (finish_up): New function. (quit, main): Use it. * src/getlimits.c (main): Return a proper exit status. * src/test.c (test_main_return): New macro. (main): Use it. * src/logname.c, src/nohup.c, src/whoami.c: Use 'error' to simplify exit status in 'main' function. * src/yes.c (main): Use 'return' rather than 'error' to exit, so that GCC doesn't suggest ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN.
2014-07-13build: support building all tools in a single binaryAlex Deymo-4/+4
Add the --enable-single-binary option to the configure file. When enabled, this option builds a single binary file containing the selected tools. Which tool gets executed depends on the value of argv[0] which can be set implicitly through symlinks to the single program. This setup reduces significantly the size of a complete coreutils install, since code from lib/libcoreutils.a is not duplicated in every one of the more than 100 binaries. Runtime overhead is increased due to more dynamic libraries being loaded, and extra initialization being performed for all utils. Also initially a larger binary is loaded from storage, though this is usually alleviated due to caching and lazy mmaping of unused blocks, and in fact the single binary should have better caching characteristics. Comparing the size of the individual versus single binary on x86_64: $ cd src $ size coreutils $ size -t $(../build-aux/gen-lists-of-programs.sh --list-progs | grep -Ev '(coreutils|libstdbuf)') | tail -n1 text data bss dec hex filename 1097416 5388 88432 1191236 122d44 src/coreutils 4901010 124964 163768 5189742 4f306e (TOTALS) Storage requirements are reduced similarly: $ cd src $ du -h coreutils $ du -ch $(../build-aux/gen-lists-of-programs.sh --list-progs | grep -Ev '(coreutils|libstdbuf)') | tail -n1 1.2M coreutils 5.3M total When installing, the makefile will create either symlinks or shebangs based on the --enable-single-binary setting, for each configured tool. In this way, all the tools are still callable individually, but they are all implemented by the same "coreutils" binary installed on the same directory. * .gitignore: Add new generated files. * Makefile.am: New rules to generate build-aux/gen-single-binary.sh and install symlinks. * NEWS: Mention the new feature. * README: Add "coreutils" to the list of utils. * bootstrap.conf: Regenerate src/single-binary.mk * build-aux/gen-lists-of-programs.sh: New --list-progs option. * build-aux/gen-single-binary.sh: Regenerate * configure.ac: New --enable-single-binary option and other variables. Disallow --enable-single-binary=symlinks with --program-prefix et. al. * man/coreutils.x: Manpage hook. * man/local.mk: Add manpage hook and fix dependencies. * src/coreutils.c: Multicall implementation. * src/local.mk: New rules for the single binary option. * tests/local.mk: Add $single_binary_progs to support require_built_() from init.cfg * tests/misc/env.sh: Avoid the use of symlink to echo. * tests/misc/help-version.sh: Add exception for coreutils. * tests/install/basic-1.sh: Really avoid using ginstall strip functionality if there is an issue with the independent strip command. * src/kill.c: Changes to call exit() in main. * src/readlink.c: Likewise. * src/shuf.c: Likewise. * src/timeout.c: Likewise. * src/truncate.c: Likewise.
2014-01-02maint: update all copyright year number rangesBernhard Voelker-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright", but then also run this, perl -pi -e 's/2\d\d\d-//' tests/sample-test to make that one script use the single most recent year number.
2013-11-27timeout: avoid unlikely issues with --kill-afterPádraig Brady-5/+8
* src/timeout.c (cleanup): When calling settimeout() from this signal handler, ensure we don't call out to error() or gettext(), which are not async-signal-safe. Also reset the errno which may be cleared by settimeout().
2013-08-01doc: use semicolon instead of period in option descriptionsBenno Schulenberg-8/+8
Also do not end option descriptions with a period, properly indent continuation lines, and make some tiny clarifications. * src/du.c (usage): Lowercase after semicolon. * src/ls.c (usage): Semicolons instead of periods, small rephrasing and two hyphens for clarity, proper indentation. * src/mktemp.c (usage): Semicolons and lowercase. * src/od.c (usage): Semicolons. * src/ptx.c (usage): Use the standard phrase, clarify default option. * src/setuidgid.c (usage): Properly indent continuation line. * src/split.c (usage): Semicolons, lowercase, no final period. * src/stat.c (usage): Semicolons, lowercase. * src/tail.c (usage): Proper indentation, one shorter rephrasing, semicolons, no final periods. * src/timeout.c (usage): Properly indent, semicolons, no final periods. Fixes http://bugs.gnu.org/14976
2013-01-26timeout: ensure a blocked SIGALRM from the parent is unblockedStephan Krempel-0/+15
* src/timeout.c (unblock_signal): A new function to unblock a specified signal, or warn if not possible. (set_timeout): Ensure SIGALRM is unblocked before we setup the timer. * tests/misc/timeout-blocked.pl: A new test for the issue. * tests/local.mk: Reference the new test. * NEWS: Mention the fix. Fixes: http://bugs.gnu.org/13535
2013-01-23maint: define usage note about mandatory args centrallyBernhard Voelker-2/+3
Each program with at least one long option which is marked as 'required_argument' and which has also a short option for that option, should print a note about mandatory arguments. Define that well-known note centrally and use it rather than literal printf/fputs, and add it where it was missing. * src/system.h (emit_mandatory_arg_note): Add new function. * src/cp.c (usage): Use it rather than literal printf/fputs. * src/csplit.c, src/cut.c, src/date.c, src/df.c, src/du.c: * src/expand.c, src/fmt.c, src/fold.c, src/head.c, src/install.c: * src/kill.c, src/ln.c, src/ls.c, src/mkdir.c, src/mkfifo.c: * src/mknod.c, src/mv.c, src/nl.c, src/od.c, src/paste.c: * src/pr.c, src/ptx.c, src/shred.c, src/shuf.c, src/sort.c: * src/split.c, src/stdbuf.c, src/tac.c, src/tail.c, src/timeout.c: * src/touch.c, src/truncate.c, src/unexpand.c, src/uniq.c: Likewise. * src/base64.c (usage): Add call of the above new function because at least one long option has a required argument. * src/basename.c, src/chcon.c, src/date.c, src/env.c: * src/nice.c, src/runcon.c, src/seq.c, src/stat.c, src/stty.c: Likewise.
2013-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesJim Meyering-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright", but then also run this, perl -pi -e 's/2\d\d\d-//' tests/sample-test to make that one script use the single most recent year number.
2012-11-04timeout: add --preserve-status to always propagate the exit statusÁngel González-9/+19
It's useful for commands that support running for an indeterminite amount of time, to not return a specific timeout exit status (124), and instead let the command handle the timeout signal and return a status for the work done so far. * doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Describe the new option. * src/timeout.c (preserve_status): A new global boolean to enable the --preserve-status behavior. (usage): Describe the new option. (main): Don't return EXIT_TIMEOUT of preserve_status is set. * tests/misc/timeout.sh: Add a test for the new option.
2012-09-24timeout: handle signals more transparentlyPádraig Brady-13/+32
This was originally attempted in commit v8.12-117-g5a647a0, but reverted before release because of the unreliability of disabling core dumps using setrlimit() on Linux kernels. This new version instead uses prctl() where available to more reliably disable core dumps for the timeout process. * m4/jm-macros.m4: Define HAVE_SETRLIMIT and HAVE_PRCTL. * src/timeout.c (disable_core_dumps): A new function that disables coredumps using prctl or setrlimit if available. (main): If the child exited with a signal and we can disable core dumps, then raise that signal to the timeout process itself, so that callers may also see the signal status. Also print a message indicating when the monitored command dumped core, as that information is lost in the signal propagation through timeout.
2012-02-29doc: timeout: document the exit status when run with "-s KILL"Rodrigo Campos-1/+2
* src/timeout.c (usage): Document the exit status for this case, in --help and thus in the man page. Word so that it covers both the -s9 and -k options. * doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Document the exit status for this case.
2012-01-22maint: quote 'like this' or "like this", not `like this'Paul Eggert-3/+3
* doc/coreutils.texi (Formatting the file names): coreutils now quotes 'like this'. * man/help2man: * src/timeout.c (usage): Quote 'like this' in diagnostics. * HACKING, Makefile.am, NEWS, README, README-hacking, TODO, cfg.mk: * doc/Makefile.am, doc/coreutils.texi, m4/jm-macros.m4: * man/Makefile.am, man/help2man, src/Makefile.am, src/copy.h: * src/extract-magic, src/ls.c, src/pinky.c, src/pr.c, src/sort.c: * src/split.c, src/timeout.c, src/who.c, tests/dd/skip-seek-past-file: * tests/pr/pr-tests: Quote 'like this' in commentary. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Update due to changed old NEWS.
2012-01-09maint: src/*.c: change remaining quotes (without embedded spaces)Jim Meyering-2/+2
Run this (twice): git grep -E -l '`[^ ]+'\' src/*.c \ |xargs perl -pi -e 's/`([^ ]+'\'')/'\''$1/'
2012-01-09maint: convert `...' to '...' in --help outputJim Meyering-3/+3
All affected lines end with \ or \n\, so run this command until it produces no new changes (4 times): git grep -E -l '`[^ ]+'\''.*\\' src \ |xargs perl -pi -e 's/`([^ ]+'\''.*\\)/'\''$1/'
2012-01-07maint: use new emit_try_help in place of equivalent fprintfJim Meyering-2/+1
Run this command: perl -0777 -pi -e \ 's/fprintf \(stderr, _\("Try `%s --help.*\n.*;/emit_try_help ();/m'\ src/*.c
2012-01-01maint: update all copyright year number rangesJim Meyering-1/+1
Run "make update-copyright".
2011-09-22timeout: handle implicitly created threadsPádraig Brady-9/+11
On some systems like glibc on GNU/kFreeBSD, a thread is implicitly created when timer_settime() is used. This breaks our scheme to ignore signals we've sent ourselves. * src/timeout.c (send_sig): Change the scheme used to ignore signals we've sent ourselves, to a more robust but perhaps limited scheme of ignoring all signals of a certain type after we've sent that signal to the job. * NEWS: Mention the change in behavior.
2011-09-01timeout: fixup previous warning fixPádraig Brady-3/+2
* src/timeout.c (settimeout): Fix the previous commit to test errno rather than the return value.
2011-09-01timeout: suppress a redundant warning on some systemsPádraig Brady-2/+3
* src/timeout.c (settimeout): Don't warn about ENOSYS which is returned on OpenBSD 4.9 at least. Reported by Bruno Haible
2011-08-25timeout: revert signal propagation enhancementPádraig Brady-1/+3
This effectively reverts the unreleased commit 5a647a05 * src/timeout.c (main): Don't propagate signals from the monitored process, as on Linux /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern could still handle them and cause false reports against `timeout`
2011-07-25timeout: support sub-second timeoutsPádraig Brady-19/+51
* src/timeout.c (settimeout): A new function to convert from a floating point duration and call alarm() or timer_settime() if that's available. (parse_duration): Return a double rather than unsigned int. (usage): Mention floating point is supported. (main): Pass the double to settimeout() rather than calling alarm() directly with the parsed int. (cleanup): Likewise. * doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Say floating point timeouts now supported, and mention the caveat with resolution. * bootstrap.conf: Include the timer-time gnulib module. * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Add a test with nanoseconds. * NEWS: Mention the improvement.
2011-07-16timeout: treat seconds counts like 'sleep' doesPaul Eggert-25/+35
Treat fractions as a request to round up to the next representable value, and treat out-of-range values as maximal ones. This is consistent with how "sleep" works. And this way, "timeout 999999999999999999d FOO" and "timeout 4.5 foo" are more likely to do what the user wants. * src/timeout.c: Include c-strtod.h and xstrtod.h, not xstrtol.h. (apply_time_suffix): Change it to the way sleep.c's time_suffix does things. Maybe this function (identical in both programs, other than its name) should be moved to a library? (parse_duration): Return a maximal value on overflow. Return unsigned int, not unsigned long. Allow fractions, which round up to the next integer value. * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Adjust tests to match new behavior. Add a very large number.
2011-07-16Fix capiTalization in comments.Paul Eggert-4/+4
2011-07-16* src/timeout.c (main): Use waitpid, not wait (Bug#9098).Paul Eggert-1/+2
Reported by Andreas Schwab. * src/timeout.c (SA_RESTART): Define to 0 if not defined.
2011-07-16timeout: port to NonStop (Bug#9077)Paul Eggert-9/+12
* src/timeout.c (SA_RESTART): Define to 0 if not defined. (main): Don't assume signal handling uses SA_RESTART.
2011-07-08timeout: handle signals more transparentlyPádraig Brady-1/+23
* m4/jm-macros.m4: Define HAVE_SETRLIMIT. * src/timeout.c: If the child exited with a signal, raise that signal to the timeout process itself, so that callers may also see the signal status. Use setrlimit to disable core dumps for the timeout process, which would be generated by some signals.