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authorJunio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>2025-03-29 16:39:06 +0900
committerJunio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>2025-03-29 16:39:07 +0900
commit01d17c05305edefbbe62926f5a5425207324a87f (patch)
tree1380e9e9cc0e4659cd8dbed28100d28e68545872
parentStart 2.50 cycle (batch #1) (diff)
parentfast-export, fast-import: add support for signed-commits (diff)
downloadgit-01d17c05305edefbbe62926f5a5425207324a87f.tar.gz
git-01d17c05305edefbbe62926f5a5425207324a87f.zip
Merge branch 'cc/signed-fast-export-import'
"git fast-export | git fast-import" learns to deal with commit and tag objects with embedded signatures a bit better. * cc/signed-fast-export-import: fast-export, fast-import: add support for signed-commits fast-export: do not modify memory from get_commit_buffer git-fast-export.adoc: clarify why 'verbatim' may not be a good idea fast-export: rename --signed-tags='warn' to 'warn-verbatim' fast-export: fix missing whitespace after switch git-fast-import.adoc: add missing LF in the BNF
-rw-r--r--Documentation/git-fast-export.adoc26
-rw-r--r--Documentation/git-fast-import.adoc20
-rw-r--r--builtin/fast-export.c188
-rw-r--r--builtin/fast-import.c23
-rwxr-xr-xt/t9350-fast-export.sh116
5 files changed, 317 insertions, 56 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.adoc b/Documentation/git-fast-export.adoc
index 752e4b9b01..413a527496 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.adoc
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.adoc
@@ -27,17 +27,33 @@ OPTIONS
Insert 'progress' statements every <n> objects, to be shown by
'git fast-import' during import.
---signed-tags=(verbatim|warn|warn-strip|strip|abort)::
+--signed-tags=(verbatim|warn-verbatim|warn-strip|strip|abort)::
Specify how to handle signed tags. Since any transformation
- after the export can change the tag names (which can also happen
- when excluding revisions) the signatures will not match.
+ after the export (or during the export, such as excluding
+ revisions) can change the hashes being signed, the signatures
+ may become invalid.
+
When asking to 'abort' (which is the default), this program will die
when encountering a signed tag. With 'strip', the tags will silently
be made unsigned, with 'warn-strip' they will be made unsigned but a
warning will be displayed, with 'verbatim', they will be silently
-exported and with 'warn', they will be exported, but you will see a
-warning.
+exported and with 'warn-verbatim' (or 'warn', a deprecated synonym),
+they will be exported, but you will see a warning. 'verbatim' and
+'warn-verbatim' should only be used if you know that no transformation
+affecting tags or any commit in their history will be performed by you
+or by fast-export or fast-import, or if you do not care that the
+resulting tag will have an invalid signature.
+
+--signed-commits=(verbatim|warn-verbatim|warn-strip|strip|abort)::
+ Specify how to handle signed commits. Behaves exactly as
+ '--signed-tags', but for commits. Default is 'abort'.
++
+Earlier versions this command that did not have '--signed-commits'
+behaved as if '--signed-commits=strip'. As an escape hatch for users
+of tools that call 'git fast-export' but do not yet support
+'--signed-commits', you may set the environment variable
+'FAST_EXPORT_SIGNED_COMMITS_NOABORT=1' in order to change the default
+from 'abort' to 'warn-strip'.
--tag-of-filtered-object=(abort|drop|rewrite)::
Specify how to handle tags whose tagged object is filtered out.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.adoc b/Documentation/git-fast-import.adoc
index 58a2eaa51a..7b107f5e8e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.adoc
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.adoc
@@ -431,13 +431,22 @@ and control the current import process. More detailed discussion
Create or update a branch with a new commit, recording one logical
change to the project.
+////
+Yes, it's intentional that the 'gpgsig' line doesn't have a trailing
+`LF`; the definition of `data` has a byte-count prefix, so it
+doesn't need an `LF` to act as a terminator (and `data` also already
+includes an optional trailing `LF?` just in case you want to include
+one).
+////
+
....
'commit' SP <ref> LF
mark?
original-oid?
('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)?
'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF
- ('encoding' SP <encoding>)?
+ ('gpgsig' SP <alg> LF data)?
+ ('encoding' SP <encoding> LF)?
data
('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)?
('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)*
@@ -505,6 +514,15 @@ that was selected by the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option.
See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and
their syntax.
+`gpgsig`
+^^^^^^^^
+
+The optional `gpgsig` command is used to include a PGP/GPG signature
+that signs the commit data.
+
+Here <alg> specifies which hashing algorithm is used for this
+signature, either `sha1` or `sha256`.
+
`encoding`
^^^^^^^^^^
The optional `encoding` command indicates the encoding of the commit
diff --git a/builtin/fast-export.c b/builtin/fast-export.c
index a5c82eef1d..126980f724 100644
--- a/builtin/fast-export.c
+++ b/builtin/fast-export.c
@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@ static const char *fast_export_usage[] = {
NULL
};
+enum sign_mode { SIGN_ABORT, SIGN_VERBATIM, SIGN_STRIP, SIGN_WARN_VERBATIM, SIGN_WARN_STRIP };
+
static int progress;
-static enum signed_tag_mode { SIGNED_TAG_ABORT, VERBATIM, WARN, WARN_STRIP, STRIP } signed_tag_mode = SIGNED_TAG_ABORT;
+static enum sign_mode signed_tag_mode = SIGN_ABORT;
+static enum sign_mode signed_commit_mode = SIGN_ABORT;
static enum tag_of_filtered_mode { TAG_FILTERING_ABORT, DROP, REWRITE } tag_of_filtered_mode = TAG_FILTERING_ABORT;
static enum reencode_mode { REENCODE_ABORT, REENCODE_YES, REENCODE_NO } reencode_mode = REENCODE_ABORT;
static int fake_missing_tagger;
@@ -53,23 +56,24 @@ static int anonymize;
static struct hashmap anonymized_seeds;
static struct revision_sources revision_sources;
-static int parse_opt_signed_tag_mode(const struct option *opt,
+static int parse_opt_sign_mode(const struct option *opt,
const char *arg, int unset)
{
- enum signed_tag_mode *val = opt->value;
-
- if (unset || !strcmp(arg, "abort"))
- *val = SIGNED_TAG_ABORT;
+ enum sign_mode *val = opt->value;
+ if (unset)
+ return 0;
+ else if (!strcmp(arg, "abort"))
+ *val = SIGN_ABORT;
else if (!strcmp(arg, "verbatim") || !strcmp(arg, "ignore"))
- *val = VERBATIM;
- else if (!strcmp(arg, "warn"))
- *val = WARN;
+ *val = SIGN_VERBATIM;
+ else if (!strcmp(arg, "warn-verbatim") || !strcmp(arg, "warn"))
+ *val = SIGN_WARN_VERBATIM;
else if (!strcmp(arg, "warn-strip"))
- *val = WARN_STRIP;
+ *val = SIGN_WARN_STRIP;
else if (!strcmp(arg, "strip"))
- *val = STRIP;
+ *val = SIGN_STRIP;
else
- return error("Unknown signed-tags mode: %s", arg);
+ return error("Unknown %s mode: %s", opt->long_name, arg);
return 0;
}
@@ -510,21 +514,6 @@ static void show_filemodify(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
}
}
-static const char *find_encoding(const char *begin, const char *end)
-{
- const char *needle = "\nencoding ";
- char *bol, *eol;
-
- bol = memmem(begin, end ? end - begin : strlen(begin),
- needle, strlen(needle));
- if (!bol)
- return NULL;
- bol += strlen(needle);
- eol = strchrnul(bol, '\n');
- *eol = '\0';
- return bol;
-}
-
static char *anonymize_ref_component(void)
{
static int counter;
@@ -626,13 +615,53 @@ static void anonymize_ident_line(const char **beg, const char **end)
*end = out->buf + out->len;
}
+/*
+ * find_commit_multiline_header is similar to find_commit_header,
+ * except that it handles multi-line headers, rather than simply
+ * returning the first line of the header.
+ *
+ * The returned string has had the ' ' line continuation markers
+ * removed, and points to allocated memory that must be free()d (not
+ * to memory within 'msg').
+ *
+ * If the header is found, then *end is set to point at the '\n' in
+ * msg that immediately follows the header value.
+ */
+static const char *find_commit_multiline_header(const char *msg,
+ const char *key,
+ const char **end)
+{
+ struct strbuf val = STRBUF_INIT;
+ const char *bol, *eol;
+ size_t len;
+
+ bol = find_commit_header(msg, key, &len);
+ if (!bol)
+ return NULL;
+ eol = bol + len;
+ strbuf_add(&val, bol, len);
+
+ while (eol[0] == '\n' && eol[1] == ' ') {
+ bol = eol + 2;
+ eol = strchrnul(bol, '\n');
+ strbuf_addch(&val, '\n');
+ strbuf_add(&val, bol, eol - bol);
+ }
+
+ *end = eol;
+ return strbuf_detach(&val, NULL);
+}
+
static void handle_commit(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *rev,
struct string_list *paths_of_changed_objects)
{
int saved_output_format = rev->diffopt.output_format;
- const char *commit_buffer;
+ const char *commit_buffer, *commit_buffer_cursor;
const char *author, *author_end, *committer, *committer_end;
- const char *encoding, *message;
+ const char *encoding = NULL;
+ size_t encoding_len;
+ const char *signature_alg = NULL, *signature = NULL;
+ const char *message;
char *reencoded = NULL;
struct commit_list *p;
const char *refname;
@@ -641,21 +670,43 @@ static void handle_commit(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *rev,
rev->diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_CALLBACK;
parse_commit_or_die(commit);
- commit_buffer = repo_get_commit_buffer(the_repository, commit, NULL);
- author = strstr(commit_buffer, "\nauthor ");
+ commit_buffer_cursor = commit_buffer = repo_get_commit_buffer(the_repository, commit, NULL);
+
+ author = strstr(commit_buffer_cursor, "\nauthor ");
if (!author)
die("could not find author in commit %s",
oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
author++;
- author_end = strchrnul(author, '\n');
- committer = strstr(author_end, "\ncommitter ");
+ commit_buffer_cursor = author_end = strchrnul(author, '\n');
+
+ committer = strstr(commit_buffer_cursor, "\ncommitter ");
if (!committer)
die("could not find committer in commit %s",
oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
committer++;
- committer_end = strchrnul(committer, '\n');
- message = strstr(committer_end, "\n\n");
- encoding = find_encoding(committer_end, message);
+ commit_buffer_cursor = committer_end = strchrnul(committer, '\n');
+
+ /*
+ * find_commit_header() and find_commit_multiline_header() get
+ * a `+ 1` because commit_buffer_cursor points at the trailing
+ * "\n" at the end of the previous line, but they want a
+ * pointer to the beginning of the next line.
+ */
+
+ if (*commit_buffer_cursor == '\n') {
+ encoding = find_commit_header(commit_buffer_cursor + 1, "encoding", &encoding_len);
+ if (encoding)
+ commit_buffer_cursor = encoding + encoding_len;
+ }
+
+ if (*commit_buffer_cursor == '\n') {
+ if ((signature = find_commit_multiline_header(commit_buffer_cursor + 1, "gpgsig", &commit_buffer_cursor)))
+ signature_alg = "sha1";
+ else if ((signature = find_commit_multiline_header(commit_buffer_cursor + 1, "gpgsig-sha256", &commit_buffer_cursor)))
+ signature_alg = "sha256";
+ }
+
+ message = strstr(commit_buffer_cursor, "\n\n");
if (message)
message += 2;
@@ -694,16 +745,20 @@ static void handle_commit(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *rev,
if (anonymize) {
reencoded = anonymize_commit_message();
} else if (encoding) {
- switch(reencode_mode) {
+ char *buf;
+ switch (reencode_mode) {
case REENCODE_YES:
- reencoded = reencode_string(message, "UTF-8", encoding);
+ buf = xstrfmt("%.*s", (int)encoding_len, encoding);
+ reencoded = reencode_string(message, "UTF-8", buf);
+ free(buf);
break;
case REENCODE_NO:
break;
case REENCODE_ABORT:
- die("Encountered commit-specific encoding %s in commit "
+ die("Encountered commit-specific encoding %.*s in commit "
"%s; use --reencode=[yes|no] to handle it",
- encoding, oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
+ (int)encoding_len, encoding,
+ oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
}
}
if (!commit->parents)
@@ -714,8 +769,33 @@ static void handle_commit(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *rev,
printf("%.*s\n%.*s\n",
(int)(author_end - author), author,
(int)(committer_end - committer), committer);
+ if (signature) {
+ switch (signed_commit_mode) {
+ case SIGN_ABORT:
+ die("encountered signed commit %s; use "
+ "--signed-commits=<mode> to handle it",
+ oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
+ case SIGN_WARN_VERBATIM:
+ warning("exporting signed commit %s",
+ oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
+ /* fallthru */
+ case SIGN_VERBATIM:
+ printf("gpgsig %s\ndata %u\n%s",
+ signature_alg,
+ (unsigned)strlen(signature),
+ signature);
+ break;
+ case SIGN_WARN_STRIP:
+ warning("stripping signature from commit %s",
+ oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
+ /* fallthru */
+ case SIGN_STRIP:
+ break;
+ }
+ free((char *)signature);
+ }
if (!reencoded && encoding)
- printf("encoding %s\n", encoding);
+ printf("encoding %.*s\n", (int)encoding_len, encoding);
printf("data %u\n%s",
(unsigned)(reencoded
? strlen(reencoded) : message
@@ -828,22 +908,22 @@ static void handle_tag(const char *name, struct tag *tag)
const char *signature = strstr(message,
"\n-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----\n");
if (signature)
- switch(signed_tag_mode) {
- case SIGNED_TAG_ABORT:
+ switch (signed_tag_mode) {
+ case SIGN_ABORT:
die("encountered signed tag %s; use "
"--signed-tags=<mode> to handle it",
oid_to_hex(&tag->object.oid));
- case WARN:
+ case SIGN_WARN_VERBATIM:
warning("exporting signed tag %s",
oid_to_hex(&tag->object.oid));
/* fallthru */
- case VERBATIM:
+ case SIGN_VERBATIM:
break;
- case WARN_STRIP:
+ case SIGN_WARN_STRIP:
warning("stripping signature from tag %s",
oid_to_hex(&tag->object.oid));
/* fallthru */
- case STRIP:
+ case SIGN_STRIP:
message_size = signature + 1 - message;
break;
}
@@ -853,7 +933,7 @@ static void handle_tag(const char *name, struct tag *tag)
tagged = tag->tagged;
tagged_mark = get_object_mark(tagged);
if (!tagged_mark) {
- switch(tag_of_filtered_mode) {
+ switch (tag_of_filtered_mode) {
case TAG_FILTERING_ABORT:
die("tag %s tags unexported object; use "
"--tag-of-filtered-object=<mode> to handle it",
@@ -965,7 +1045,7 @@ static void get_tags_and_duplicates(struct rev_cmdline_info *info)
continue;
}
- switch(commit->object.type) {
+ switch (commit->object.type) {
case OBJ_COMMIT:
break;
case OBJ_BLOB:
@@ -1189,6 +1269,7 @@ int cmd_fast_export(int argc,
const char *prefix,
struct repository *repo UNUSED)
{
+ const char *env_signed_commits_noabort;
struct rev_info revs;
struct commit *commit;
char *export_filename = NULL,
@@ -1202,7 +1283,10 @@ int cmd_fast_export(int argc,
N_("show progress after <n> objects")),
OPT_CALLBACK(0, "signed-tags", &signed_tag_mode, N_("mode"),
N_("select handling of signed tags"),
- parse_opt_signed_tag_mode),
+ parse_opt_sign_mode),
+ OPT_CALLBACK(0, "signed-commits", &signed_commit_mode, N_("mode"),
+ N_("select handling of signed commits"),
+ parse_opt_sign_mode),
OPT_CALLBACK(0, "tag-of-filtered-object", &tag_of_filtered_mode, N_("mode"),
N_("select handling of tags that tag filtered objects"),
parse_opt_tag_of_filtered_mode),
@@ -1243,6 +1327,10 @@ int cmd_fast_export(int argc,
if (argc == 1)
usage_with_options (fast_export_usage, options);
+ env_signed_commits_noabort = getenv("FAST_EXPORT_SIGNED_COMMITS_NOABORT");
+ if (env_signed_commits_noabort && *env_signed_commits_noabort)
+ signed_commit_mode = SIGN_WARN_STRIP;
+
/* we handle encodings */
git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
diff --git a/builtin/fast-import.c b/builtin/fast-import.c
index 397a6f46ad..e432e8d5a1 100644
--- a/builtin/fast-import.c
+++ b/builtin/fast-import.c
@@ -2719,10 +2719,13 @@ static struct hash_list *parse_merge(unsigned int *count)
static void parse_new_commit(const char *arg)
{
+ static struct strbuf sig = STRBUF_INIT;
static struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
+ struct string_list siglines = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
struct branch *b;
char *author = NULL;
char *committer = NULL;
+ char *sig_alg = NULL;
char *encoding = NULL;
struct hash_list *merge_list = NULL;
unsigned int merge_count;
@@ -2746,6 +2749,13 @@ static void parse_new_commit(const char *arg)
}
if (!committer)
die("Expected committer but didn't get one");
+ if (skip_prefix(command_buf.buf, "gpgsig ", &v)) {
+ sig_alg = xstrdup(v);
+ read_next_command();
+ parse_data(&sig, 0, NULL);
+ read_next_command();
+ } else
+ strbuf_setlen(&sig, 0);
if (skip_prefix(command_buf.buf, "encoding ", &v)) {
encoding = xstrdup(v);
read_next_command();
@@ -2819,10 +2829,23 @@ static void parse_new_commit(const char *arg)
strbuf_addf(&new_data,
"encoding %s\n",
encoding);
+ if (sig_alg) {
+ if (!strcmp(sig_alg, "sha1"))
+ strbuf_addstr(&new_data, "gpgsig ");
+ else if (!strcmp(sig_alg, "sha256"))
+ strbuf_addstr(&new_data, "gpgsig-sha256 ");
+ else
+ die("Expected gpgsig algorithm sha1 or sha256, got %s", sig_alg);
+ string_list_split_in_place(&siglines, sig.buf, "\n", -1);
+ strbuf_add_separated_string_list(&new_data, "\n ", &siglines);
+ strbuf_addch(&new_data, '\n');
+ }
strbuf_addch(&new_data, '\n');
strbuf_addbuf(&new_data, &msg);
+ string_list_clear(&siglines, 1);
free(author);
free(committer);
+ free(sig_alg);
free(encoding);
if (!store_object(OBJ_COMMIT, &new_data, NULL, &b->oid, next_mark))
diff --git a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
index 40427883ec..304bac5b1d 100755
--- a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
+++ b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
. ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY/lib-gpg.sh"
test_expect_success 'setup' '
@@ -253,6 +254,24 @@ test_expect_success 'signed-tags=verbatim' '
'
+test_expect_success 'signed-tags=warn-verbatim' '
+
+ git fast-export --signed-tags=warn-verbatim sign-your-name >output 2>err &&
+ grep PGP output &&
+ test -s err
+
+'
+
+# 'warn' is a backward-compatibility alias for 'warn-verbatim'; test
+# that it keeps working.
+test_expect_success 'signed-tags=warn' '
+
+ git fast-export --signed-tags=warn sign-your-name >output 2>err &&
+ grep PGP output &&
+ test -s err
+
+'
+
test_expect_success 'signed-tags=strip' '
git fast-export --signed-tags=strip sign-your-name > output &&
@@ -266,10 +285,107 @@ test_expect_success 'signed-tags=warn-strip' '
test -s err
'
+test_expect_success GPG 'set up signed commit' '
+
+ # Generate a commit with both "gpgsig" and "encoding" set, so
+ # that we can test that fast-import gets the ordering correct
+ # between the two.
+ test_config i18n.commitEncoding ISO-8859-1 &&
+ git checkout -f -b commit-signing main &&
+ echo Sign your name >file-sign &&
+ git add file-sign &&
+ git commit -S -m "signed commit" &&
+ COMMIT_SIGNING=$(git rev-parse --verify commit-signing)
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'signed-commits default' '
+
+ sane_unset FAST_EXPORT_SIGNED_COMMITS_NOABORT &&
+ test_must_fail git fast-export --reencode=no commit-signing &&
+
+ FAST_EXPORT_SIGNED_COMMITS_NOABORT=1 git fast-export --reencode=no commit-signing >output 2>err &&
+ ! grep ^gpgsig output &&
+ grep "^encoding ISO-8859-1" output &&
+ test -s err &&
+ sed "s/commit-signing/commit-strip-signing/" output | (
+ cd new &&
+ git fast-import &&
+ STRIPPED=$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/commit-strip-signing) &&
+ test $COMMIT_SIGNING != $STRIPPED
+ )
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'signed-commits=abort' '
+
+ test_must_fail git fast-export --signed-commits=abort commit-signing
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'signed-commits=verbatim' '
+
+ git fast-export --signed-commits=verbatim --reencode=no commit-signing >output &&
+ grep "^gpgsig sha" output &&
+ grep "encoding ISO-8859-1" output &&
+ (
+ cd new &&
+ git fast-import &&
+ STRIPPED=$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/commit-signing) &&
+ test $COMMIT_SIGNING = $STRIPPED
+ ) <output
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'signed-commits=warn-verbatim' '
+
+ git fast-export --signed-commits=warn-verbatim --reencode=no commit-signing >output 2>err &&
+ grep "^gpgsig sha" output &&
+ grep "encoding ISO-8859-1" output &&
+ test -s err &&
+ (
+ cd new &&
+ git fast-import &&
+ STRIPPED=$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/commit-signing) &&
+ test $COMMIT_SIGNING = $STRIPPED
+ ) <output
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'signed-commits=strip' '
+
+ git fast-export --signed-commits=strip --reencode=no commit-signing >output &&
+ ! grep ^gpgsig output &&
+ grep "^encoding ISO-8859-1" output &&
+ sed "s/commit-signing/commit-strip-signing/" output | (
+ cd new &&
+ git fast-import &&
+ STRIPPED=$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/commit-strip-signing) &&
+ test $COMMIT_SIGNING != $STRIPPED
+ )
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'signed-commits=warn-strip' '
+
+ git fast-export --signed-commits=warn-strip --reencode=no commit-signing >output 2>err &&
+ ! grep ^gpgsig output &&
+ grep "^encoding ISO-8859-1" output &&
+ test -s err &&
+ sed "s/commit-signing/commit-strip-signing/" output | (
+ cd new &&
+ git fast-import &&
+ STRIPPED=$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/commit-strip-signing) &&
+ test $COMMIT_SIGNING != $STRIPPED
+ )
+
+'
+
test_expect_success 'setup submodule' '
test_config_global protocol.file.allow always &&
git checkout -f main &&
+ test_might_fail git update-ref -d refs/heads/commit-signing &&
mkdir sub &&
(
cd sub &&