Merge branch 'bpf-token'

Andrii Nakryiko says:

====================
BPF token

This patch set is a combination of three BPF token-related patch sets ([0],
[1], [2]) with fixes ([3]) to kernel-side token_fd passing APIs incorporated
into relevant patches, bpf_token_capable() changes requested by
Christian Brauner, and necessary libbpf and BPF selftests side adjustments.

This patch set introduces an ability to delegate a subset of BPF subsystem
functionality from privileged system-wide daemon (e.g., systemd or any other
container manager) through special mount options for userns-bound BPF FS to
a *trusted* unprivileged application. Trust is the key here. This
functionality is not about allowing unconditional unprivileged BPF usage.
Establishing trust, though, is completely up to the discretion of respective
privileged application that would create and mount a BPF FS instance with
delegation enabled, as different production setups can and do achieve it
through a combination of different means (signing, LSM, code reviews, etc),
and it's undesirable and infeasible for kernel to enforce any particular way
of validating trustworthiness of particular process.

The main motivation for this work is a desire to enable containerized BPF
applications to be used together with user namespaces. This is currently
impossible, as CAP_BPF, required for BPF subsystem usage, cannot be namespaced
or sandboxed, as a general rule. E.g., tracing BPF programs, thanks to BPF
helpers like bpf_probe_read_kernel() and bpf_probe_read_user() can safely read
arbitrary memory, and it's impossible to ensure that they only read memory of
processes belonging to any given namespace. This means that it's impossible to
have a mechanically verifiable namespace-aware CAP_BPF capability, and as such
another mechanism to allow safe usage of BPF functionality is necessary.

BPF FS delegation mount options and BPF token derived from such BPF FS instance
is such a mechanism. Kernel makes no assumption about what "trusted"
constitutes in any particular case, and it's up to specific privileged
applications and their surrounding infrastructure to decide that. What kernel
provides is a set of APIs to setup and mount special BPF FS instance and
derive BPF tokens from it. BPF FS and BPF token are both bound to its owning
userns and in such a way are constrained inside intended container. Users can
then pass BPF token FD to privileged bpf() syscall commands, like BPF map
creation and BPF program loading, to perform such operations without having
init userns privileges.

This version incorporates feedback and suggestions ([4]) received on earlier
iterations of BPF token approach, and instead of allowing to create BPF tokens
directly assuming capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN), we instead enhance BPF FS to accept
a few new delegation mount options. If these options are used and BPF FS itself
is properly created, set up, and mounted inside the user namespaced container,
user application is able to derive a BPF token object from BPF FS instance, and
pass that token to bpf() syscall. As explained in patch #3, BPF token itself
doesn't grant access to BPF functionality, but instead allows kernel to do
namespaced capabilities checks (ns_capable() vs capable()) for CAP_BPF,
CAP_PERFMON, CAP_NET_ADMIN, and CAP_SYS_ADMIN, as applicable. So it forms one
half of a puzzle and allows container managers and sys admins to have safe and
flexible configuration options: determining which containers get delegation of
BPF functionality through BPF FS, and then which applications within such
containers are allowed to perform bpf() commands, based on namespaces
capabilities.

Previous attempt at addressing this very same problem ([5]) attempted to
utilize authoritative LSM approach, but was conclusively rejected by upstream
LSM maintainers. BPF token concept is not changing anything about LSM
approach, but can be combined with LSM hooks for very fine-grained security
policy. Some ideas about making BPF token more convenient to use with LSM (in
particular custom BPF LSM programs) was briefly described in recent LSF/MM/BPF
2023 presentation ([6]). E.g., an ability to specify user-provided data
(context), which in combination with BPF LSM would allow implementing a very
dynamic and fine-granular custom security policies on top of BPF token. In the
interest of minimizing API surface area and discussions this was relegated to
follow up patches, as it's not essential to the fundamental concept of
delegatable BPF token.

It should be noted that BPF token is conceptually quite similar to the idea of
/dev/bpf device file, proposed by Song a while ago ([7]). The biggest
difference is the idea of using virtual anon_inode file to hold BPF token and
allowing multiple independent instances of them, each (potentially) with its
own set of restrictions. And also, crucially, BPF token approach is not using
any special stateful task-scoped flags. Instead, bpf() syscall accepts
token_fd parameters explicitly for each relevant BPF command. This addresses
main concerns brought up during the /dev/bpf discussion, and fits better with
overall BPF subsystem design.

Second part of this patch set adds full support for BPF token in libbpf's BPF
object high-level API. Good chunk of the changes rework libbpf feature
detection internals, which are the most affected by BPF token presence.

Besides internal refactorings, libbpf allows to pass location of BPF FS from
which BPF token should be created by libbpf. This can be done explicitly though
a new bpf_object_open_opts.bpf_token_path field. But we also add implicit BPF
token creation logic to BPF object load step, even without any explicit
involvement of the user. If the environment is setup properly, BPF token will
be created transparently and used implicitly. This allows for all existing
application to gain BPF token support by just linking with latest version of
libbpf library. No source code modifications are required.  All that under
assumption that privileged container management agent properly set up default
BPF FS instance at /sys/bpf/fs to allow BPF token creation.

libbpf adds support to override default BPF FS location for BPF token creation
through LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH envvar knowledge. This allows admins or container
managers to mount BPF token-enabled BPF FS at non-standard location without the
need to coordinate with applications.  LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH can also be used
to disable BPF token implicit creation by setting it to an empty value.

  [0] https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/list/?series=805707&state=*
  [1] https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/list/?series=810260&state=*
  [2] https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/list/?series=809800&state=*
  [3] https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/patch/20231219053150.336991-1-andrii@kernel.org/
  [4] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20230704-hochverdient-lehne-eeb9eeef785e@brauner/
  [5] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20230412043300.360803-1-andrii@kernel.org/
  [6] http://vger.kernel.org/bpfconf2023_material/Trusted_unprivileged_BPF_LSFMM2023.pdf
  [7] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20190627201923.2589391-2-songliubraving@fb.com/

v1->v2:
  - disable BPF token creation in init userns, and simplify
    bpf_token_capable() logic (Christian);
  - use kzalloc/kfree instead of kvzalloc/kvfree (Linus);
  - few more selftest cases to validate LSM and BPF token interations.

Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
====================

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240124022127.2379740-1-andrii@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

19 files changed, 1925 insertions, 480 deletions

diff --git a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
index 1fef6d5a1330..d96708380e52 100644
--- a/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
@@ -847,6 +847,36 @@ union bpf_iter_link_info {
  *		Returns zero on success. On error, -1 is returned and *errno*
  *		is set appropriately.
  *
+ * BPF_TOKEN_CREATE
+ *	Description
+ *		Create BPF token with embedded information about what
+ *		BPF-related functionality it allows:
+ *		- a set of allowed bpf() syscall commands;
+ *		- a set of allowed BPF map types to be created with
+ *		BPF_MAP_CREATE command, if BPF_MAP_CREATE itself is allowed;
+ *		- a set of allowed BPF program types and BPF program attach
+ *		types to be loaded with BPF_PROG_LOAD command, if
+ *		BPF_PROG_LOAD itself is allowed.
+ *
+ *		BPF token is created (derived) from an instance of BPF FS,
+ *		assuming it has necessary delegation mount options specified.
+ *		This BPF token can be passed as an extra parameter to various
+ *		bpf() syscall commands to grant BPF subsystem functionality to
+ *		unprivileged processes.
+ *
+ *		When created, BPF token is "associated" with the owning
+ *		user namespace of BPF FS instance (super block) that it was
+ *		derived from, and subsequent BPF operations performed with
+ *		BPF token would be performing capabilities checks (i.e.,
+ *		CAP_BPF, CAP_PERFMON, CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_SYS_ADMIN) within
+ *		that user namespace. Without BPF token, such capabilities
+ *		have to be granted in init user namespace, making bpf()
+ *		syscall incompatible with user namespace, for the most part.
+ *
+ *	Return
+ *		A new file descriptor (a nonnegative integer), or -1 if an
+ *		error occurred (in which case, *errno* is set appropriately).
+ *
  * NOTES
  *	eBPF objects (maps and programs) can be shared between processes.
  *
@@ -901,6 +931,8 @@ enum bpf_cmd {
 	BPF_ITER_CREATE,
 	BPF_LINK_DETACH,
 	BPF_PROG_BIND_MAP,
+	BPF_TOKEN_CREATE,
+	__MAX_BPF_CMD,
 };
 
 enum bpf_map_type {
@@ -951,6 +983,7 @@ enum bpf_map_type {
 	BPF_MAP_TYPE_BLOOM_FILTER,
 	BPF_MAP_TYPE_USER_RINGBUF,
 	BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGRP_STORAGE,
+	__MAX_BPF_MAP_TYPE
 };
 
 /* Note that tracing related programs such as
@@ -995,6 +1028,7 @@ enum bpf_prog_type {
 	BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_LOOKUP,
 	BPF_PROG_TYPE_SYSCALL, /* a program that can execute syscalls */
 	BPF_PROG_TYPE_NETFILTER,
+	__MAX_BPF_PROG_TYPE
 };
 
 enum bpf_attach_type {
@@ -1333,6 +1367,9 @@ enum {
 
 /* Flag for value_type_btf_obj_fd, the fd is available */
 	BPF_F_VTYPE_BTF_OBJ_FD	= (1U << 15),
+
+/* BPF token FD is passed in a corresponding command's token_fd field */
+	BPF_F_TOKEN_FD          = (1U << 16),
 };
 
 /* Flags for BPF_PROG_QUERY. */
@@ -1411,6 +1448,10 @@ union bpf_attr {
 						 * type data for
 						 * btf_vmlinux_value_type_id.
 						 */
+		/* BPF token FD to use with BPF_MAP_CREATE operation.
+		 * If provided, map_flags should have BPF_F_TOKEN_FD flag set.
+		 */
+		__s32	map_token_fd;
 	};
 
 	struct { /* anonymous struct used by BPF_MAP_*_ELEM commands */
@@ -1480,6 +1521,10 @@ union bpf_attr {
 		 * truncated), or smaller (if log buffer wasn't filled completely).
 		 */
 		__u32		log_true_size;
+		/* BPF token FD to use with BPF_PROG_LOAD operation.
+		 * If provided, prog_flags should have BPF_F_TOKEN_FD flag set.
+		 */
+		__s32		prog_token_fd;
 	};
 
 	struct { /* anonymous struct used by BPF_OBJ_* commands */
@@ -1592,6 +1637,11 @@ union bpf_attr {
 		 * truncated), or smaller (if log buffer wasn't filled completely).
 		 */
 		__u32		btf_log_true_size;
+		__u32		btf_flags;
+		/* BPF token FD to use with BPF_BTF_LOAD operation.
+		 * If provided, btf_flags should have BPF_F_TOKEN_FD flag set.
+		 */
+		__s32		btf_token_fd;
 	};
 
 	struct {
@@ -1722,6 +1772,11 @@ union bpf_attr {
 		__u32		flags;		/* extra flags */
 	} prog_bind_map;
 
+	struct { /* struct used by BPF_TOKEN_CREATE command */
+		__u32		flags;
+		__u32		bpffs_fd;
+	} token_create;
+
 } __attribute__((aligned(8)));
 
 /* The description below is an attempt at providing documentation to eBPF
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/Build b/tools/lib/bpf/Build
index 2d0c282c8588..b6619199a706 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/Build
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/Build
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 libbpf-y := libbpf.o bpf.o nlattr.o btf.o libbpf_errno.o str_error.o \
 	    netlink.o bpf_prog_linfo.o libbpf_probes.o hashmap.o \
 	    btf_dump.o ringbuf.o strset.o linker.o gen_loader.o relo_core.o \
-	    usdt.o zip.o elf.o
+	    usdt.o zip.o elf.o features.o
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c
index b133acfe08fb..97ec005c3c47 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ int sys_bpf_prog_load(union bpf_attr *attr, unsigned int size, int attempts)
  *   [0] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20201201215900.3569844-1-guro@fb.com/
  *   [1] d05512618056 ("bpf: Add bpf_ktime_get_coarse_ns helper")
  */
-int probe_memcg_account(void)
+int probe_memcg_account(int token_fd)
 {
 	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, attach_btf_obj_fd);
 	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
@@ -120,6 +120,9 @@ int probe_memcg_account(void)
 	attr.insns = ptr_to_u64(insns);
 	attr.insn_cnt = insn_cnt;
 	attr.license = ptr_to_u64("GPL");
+	attr.prog_token_fd = token_fd;
+	if (token_fd)
+		attr.prog_flags |= BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
 
 	prog_fd = sys_bpf_fd(BPF_PROG_LOAD, &attr, attr_sz);
 	if (prog_fd >= 0) {
@@ -146,7 +149,7 @@ int bump_rlimit_memlock(void)
 	struct rlimit rlim;
 
 	/* if kernel supports memcg-based accounting, skip bumping RLIMIT_MEMLOCK */
-	if (memlock_bumped || kernel_supports(NULL, FEAT_MEMCG_ACCOUNT))
+	if (memlock_bumped || feat_supported(NULL, FEAT_MEMCG_ACCOUNT))
 		return 0;
 
 	memlock_bumped = true;
@@ -169,8 +172,7 @@ int bpf_map_create(enum bpf_map_type map_type,
 		   __u32 max_entries,
 		   const struct bpf_map_create_opts *opts)
 {
-	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr,
-					   value_type_btf_obj_fd);
+	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, map_token_fd);
 	union bpf_attr attr;
 	int fd;
 
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ int bpf_map_create(enum bpf_map_type map_type,
 		return libbpf_err(-EINVAL);
 
 	attr.map_type = map_type;
-	if (map_name && kernel_supports(NULL, FEAT_PROG_NAME))
+	if (map_name && feat_supported(NULL, FEAT_PROG_NAME))
 		libbpf_strlcpy(attr.map_name, map_name, sizeof(attr.map_name));
 	attr.key_size = key_size;
 	attr.value_size = value_size;
@@ -200,6 +202,8 @@ int bpf_map_create(enum bpf_map_type map_type,
 	attr.numa_node = OPTS_GET(opts, numa_node, 0);
 	attr.map_ifindex = OPTS_GET(opts, map_ifindex, 0);
 
+	attr.map_token_fd = OPTS_GET(opts, token_fd, 0);
+
 	fd = sys_bpf_fd(BPF_MAP_CREATE, &attr, attr_sz);
 	return libbpf_err_errno(fd);
 }
@@ -234,7 +238,7 @@ int bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
 		  const struct bpf_insn *insns, size_t insn_cnt,
 		  struct bpf_prog_load_opts *opts)
 {
-	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, log_true_size);
+	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, prog_token_fd);
 	void *finfo = NULL, *linfo = NULL;
 	const char *func_info, *line_info;
 	__u32 log_size, log_level, attach_prog_fd, attach_btf_obj_fd;
@@ -263,8 +267,9 @@ int bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
 	attr.prog_flags = OPTS_GET(opts, prog_flags, 0);
 	attr.prog_ifindex = OPTS_GET(opts, prog_ifindex, 0);
 	attr.kern_version = OPTS_GET(opts, kern_version, 0);
+	attr.prog_token_fd = OPTS_GET(opts, token_fd, 0);
 
-	if (prog_name && kernel_supports(NULL, FEAT_PROG_NAME))
+	if (prog_name && feat_supported(NULL, FEAT_PROG_NAME))
 		libbpf_strlcpy(attr.prog_name, prog_name, sizeof(attr.prog_name));
 	attr.license = ptr_to_u64(license);
 
@@ -1184,7 +1189,7 @@ int bpf_raw_tracepoint_open(const char *name, int prog_fd)
 
 int bpf_btf_load(const void *btf_data, size_t btf_size, struct bpf_btf_load_opts *opts)
 {
-	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, btf_log_true_size);
+	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, btf_token_fd);
 	union bpf_attr attr;
 	char *log_buf;
 	size_t log_size;
@@ -1209,6 +1214,10 @@ int bpf_btf_load(const void *btf_data, size_t btf_size, struct bpf_btf_load_opts
 
 	attr.btf = ptr_to_u64(btf_data);
 	attr.btf_size = btf_size;
+
+	attr.btf_flags = OPTS_GET(opts, btf_flags, 0);
+	attr.btf_token_fd = OPTS_GET(opts, token_fd, 0);
+
 	/* log_level == 0 and log_buf != NULL means "try loading without
 	 * log_buf, but retry with log_buf and log_level=1 on error", which is
 	 * consistent across low-level and high-level BTF and program loading
@@ -1289,3 +1298,20 @@ int bpf_prog_bind_map(int prog_fd, int map_fd,
 	ret = sys_bpf(BPF_PROG_BIND_MAP, &attr, attr_sz);
 	return libbpf_err_errno(ret);
 }
+
+int bpf_token_create(int bpffs_fd, struct bpf_token_create_opts *opts)
+{
+	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, token_create);
+	union bpf_attr attr;
+	int fd;
+
+	if (!OPTS_VALID(opts, bpf_token_create_opts))
+		return libbpf_err(-EINVAL);
+
+	memset(&attr, 0, attr_sz);
+	attr.token_create.bpffs_fd = bpffs_fd;
+	attr.token_create.flags = OPTS_GET(opts, flags, 0);
+
+	fd = sys_bpf_fd(BPF_TOKEN_CREATE, &attr, attr_sz);
+	return libbpf_err_errno(fd);
+}
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h
index 53b0bee053ad..1441f642c563 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h
@@ -52,9 +52,11 @@ struct bpf_map_create_opts {
 	__u32 numa_node;
 	__u32 map_ifindex;
 	__s32 value_type_btf_obj_fd;
-	size_t:0;
+
+	__u32 token_fd;
+	size_t :0;
 };
-#define bpf_map_create_opts__last_field value_type_btf_obj_fd
+#define bpf_map_create_opts__last_field token_fd
 
 LIBBPF_API int bpf_map_create(enum bpf_map_type map_type,
 			      const char *map_name,
@@ -104,9 +106,10 @@ struct bpf_prog_load_opts {
 	 * If kernel doesn't support this feature, log_size is left unchanged.
 	 */
 	__u32 log_true_size;
+	__u32 token_fd;
 	size_t :0;
 };
-#define bpf_prog_load_opts__last_field log_true_size
+#define bpf_prog_load_opts__last_field token_fd
 
 LIBBPF_API int bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
 			     const char *prog_name, const char *license,
@@ -132,9 +135,12 @@ struct bpf_btf_load_opts {
 	 * If kernel doesn't support this feature, log_size is left unchanged.
 	 */
 	__u32 log_true_size;
+
+	__u32 btf_flags;
+	__u32 token_fd;
 	size_t :0;
 };
-#define bpf_btf_load_opts__last_field log_true_size
+#define bpf_btf_load_opts__last_field token_fd
 
 LIBBPF_API int bpf_btf_load(const void *btf_data, size_t btf_size,
 			    struct bpf_btf_load_opts *opts);
@@ -642,6 +648,30 @@ struct bpf_test_run_opts {
 LIBBPF_API int bpf_prog_test_run_opts(int prog_fd,
 				      struct bpf_test_run_opts *opts);
 
+struct bpf_token_create_opts {
+	size_t sz; /* size of this struct for forward/backward compatibility */
+	__u32 flags;
+	size_t :0;
+};
+#define bpf_token_create_opts__last_field flags
+
+/**
+ * @brief **bpf_token_create()** creates a new instance of BPF token derived
+ * from specified BPF FS mount point.
+ *
+ * BPF token created with this API can be passed to bpf() syscall for
+ * commands like BPF_PROG_LOAD, BPF_MAP_CREATE, etc.
+ *
+ * @param bpffs_fd FD for BPF FS instance from which to derive a BPF token
+ * instance.
+ * @param opts optional BPF token creation options, can be NULL
+ *
+ * @return BPF token FD > 0, on success; negative error code, otherwise (errno
+ * is also set to the error code)
+ */
+LIBBPF_API int bpf_token_create(int bpffs_fd,
+				struct bpf_token_create_opts *opts);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 } /* extern "C" */
 #endif
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/btf.c b/tools/lib/bpf/btf.c
index ee95fd379d4d..ec92b87cae01 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/btf.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/btf.c
@@ -1317,7 +1317,9 @@ struct btf *btf__parse_split(const char *path, struct btf *base_btf)
 
 static void *btf_get_raw_data(const struct btf *btf, __u32 *size, bool swap_endian);
 
-int btf_load_into_kernel(struct btf *btf, char *log_buf, size_t log_sz, __u32 log_level)
+int btf_load_into_kernel(struct btf *btf,
+			 char *log_buf, size_t log_sz, __u32 log_level,
+			 int token_fd)
 {
 	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_btf_load_opts, opts);
 	__u32 buf_sz = 0, raw_size;
@@ -1367,6 +1369,10 @@ retry_load:
 		opts.log_level = log_level;
 	}
 
+	opts.token_fd = token_fd;
+	if (token_fd)
+		opts.btf_flags |= BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+
 	btf->fd = bpf_btf_load(raw_data, raw_size, &opts);
 	if (btf->fd < 0) {
 		/* time to turn on verbose mode and try again */
@@ -1394,7 +1400,7 @@ done:
 
 int btf__load_into_kernel(struct btf *btf)
 {
-	return btf_load_into_kernel(btf, NULL, 0, 0);
+	return btf_load_into_kernel(btf, NULL, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 
 int btf__fd(const struct btf *btf)
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/elf.c b/tools/lib/bpf/elf.c
index b02faec748a5..c92e02394159 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/elf.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/elf.c
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 #include "libbpf_internal.h"
 #include "str_error.h"
 
-#define STRERR_BUFSIZE  128
-
 /* A SHT_GNU_versym section holds 16-bit words. This bit is set if
  * the symbol is hidden and can only be seen when referenced using an
  * explicit version number. This is a GNU extension.
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/features.c b/tools/lib/bpf/features.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5a5c766bf615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/features.c
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: (LGPL-2.1 OR BSD-2-Clause)
+/* Copyright (c) 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/filter.h>
+#include "bpf.h"
+#include "libbpf.h"
+#include "libbpf_common.h"
+#include "libbpf_internal.h"
+#include "str_error.h"
+
+static inline __u64 ptr_to_u64(const void *ptr)
+{
+	return (__u64)(unsigned long)ptr;
+}
+
+int probe_fd(int fd)
+{
+	if (fd >= 0)
+		close(fd);
+	return fd >= 0;
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_prog_name(int token_fd)
+{
+	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, prog_name);
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	union bpf_attr attr;
+	int ret;
+
+	memset(&attr, 0, attr_sz);
+	attr.prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER;
+	attr.license = ptr_to_u64("GPL");
+	attr.insns = ptr_to_u64(insns);
+	attr.insn_cnt = (__u32)ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+	attr.prog_token_fd = token_fd;
+	if (token_fd)
+		attr.prog_flags |= BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+	libbpf_strlcpy(attr.prog_name, "libbpf_nametest", sizeof(attr.prog_name));
+
+	/* make sure loading with name works */
+	ret = sys_bpf_prog_load(&attr, attr_sz, PROG_LOAD_ATTEMPTS);
+	return probe_fd(ret);
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_global_data(int token_fd)
+{
+	char *cp, errmsg[STRERR_BUFSIZE];
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_LD_MAP_VALUE(BPF_REG_1, 0, 16),
+		BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_1, 0, 42),
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_map_create_opts, map_opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.map_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, prog_opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	int ret, map, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+
+	map = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, "libbpf_global", sizeof(int), 32, 1, &map_opts);
+	if (map < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		cp = libbpf_strerror_r(ret, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
+		pr_warn("Error in %s():%s(%d). Couldn't create simple array map.\n",
+			__func__, cp, -ret);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	insns[0].imm = map;
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &prog_opts);
+	close(map);
+	return probe_fd(ret);
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0int";
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* int */
+		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf_func(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0int\0x\0a";
+	/* void x(int a) {} */
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* int */
+		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
+		/* FUNC_PROTO */                                /* [2] */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(0, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC_PROTO, 0, 1), 0),
+		BTF_PARAM_ENC(7, 1),
+		/* FUNC x */                                    /* [3] */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(5, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC, 0, 0), 2),
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf_func_global(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0int\0x\0a";
+	/* static void x(int a) {} */
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* int */
+		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
+		/* FUNC_PROTO */                                /* [2] */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(0, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC_PROTO, 0, 1), 0),
+		BTF_PARAM_ENC(7, 1),
+		/* FUNC x BTF_FUNC_GLOBAL */                    /* [3] */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(5, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC, 0, BTF_FUNC_GLOBAL), 2),
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf_datasec(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0x\0.data";
+	/* static int a; */
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* int */
+		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(0, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
+		/* VAR x */                                     /* [2] */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(1, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_VAR, 0, 0), 1),
+		BTF_VAR_STATIC,
+		/* DATASEC val */                               /* [3] */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(3, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_DATASEC, 0, 1), 4),
+		BTF_VAR_SECINFO_ENC(2, 0, 4),
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf_float(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0float";
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* float */
+		BTF_TYPE_FLOAT_ENC(1, 4),
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf_decl_tag(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0tag";
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* int */
+		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(0, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
+		/* VAR x */                                     /* [2] */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(1, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_VAR, 0, 0), 1),
+		BTF_VAR_STATIC,
+		/* attr */
+		BTF_TYPE_DECL_TAG_ENC(1, 2, -1),
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf_type_tag(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0tag";
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* int */
+		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(0, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),		/* [1] */
+		/* attr */
+		BTF_TYPE_TYPE_TAG_ENC(1, 1),				/* [2] */
+		/* ptr */
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(0, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_PTR, 0, 0), 2),	/* [3] */
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_array_mmap(int token_fd)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_map_create_opts, opts,
+		.map_flags = BPF_F_MMAPABLE | (token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0),
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+	);
+	int fd;
+
+	fd = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, "libbpf_mmap", sizeof(int), sizeof(int), 1, &opts);
+	return probe_fd(fd);
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_exp_attach_type(int token_fd)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, opts,
+		.expected_attach_type = BPF_CGROUP_INET_SOCK_CREATE,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	int fd, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+
+	/* use any valid combination of program type and (optional)
+	 * non-zero expected attach type (i.e., not a BPF_CGROUP_INET_INGRESS)
+	 * to see if kernel supports expected_attach_type field for
+	 * BPF_PROG_LOAD command
+	 */
+	fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &opts);
+	return probe_fd(fd);
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_probe_read_kernel(int token_fd)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10),	/* r1 = r10 (fp) */
+		BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_1, -8),	/* r1 += -8 */
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 8),		/* r2 = 8 */
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, 0),		/* r3 = 0 */
+		BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_probe_read_kernel),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	int fd, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+
+	fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &opts);
+	return probe_fd(fd);
+}
+
+static int probe_prog_bind_map(int token_fd)
+{
+	char *cp, errmsg[STRERR_BUFSIZE];
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_map_create_opts, map_opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.map_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, prog_opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	int ret, map, prog, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+
+	map = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, "libbpf_det_bind", sizeof(int), 32, 1, &map_opts);
+	if (map < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		cp = libbpf_strerror_r(ret, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
+		pr_warn("Error in %s():%s(%d). Couldn't create simple array map.\n",
+			__func__, cp, -ret);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	prog = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &prog_opts);
+	if (prog < 0) {
+		close(map);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_bind_map(prog, map, NULL);
+
+	close(map);
+	close(prog);
+
+	return ret >= 0;
+}
+
+static int probe_module_btf(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0int";
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		/* int */
+		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),
+	};
+	struct bpf_btf_info info;
+	__u32 len = sizeof(info);
+	char name[16];
+	int fd, err;
+
+	fd = libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types), strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return 0; /* BTF not supported at all */
+
+	memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
+	info.name = ptr_to_u64(name);
+	info.name_len = sizeof(name);
+
+	/* check that BPF_OBJ_GET_INFO_BY_FD supports specifying name pointer;
+	 * kernel's module BTF support coincides with support for
+	 * name/name_len fields in struct bpf_btf_info.
+	 */
+	err = bpf_btf_get_info_by_fd(fd, &info, &len);
+	close(fd);
+	return !err;
+}
+
+static int probe_perf_link(int token_fd)
+{
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	int prog_fd, link_fd, err;
+
+	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, NULL, "GPL",
+				insns, ARRAY_SIZE(insns), &opts);
+	if (prog_fd < 0)
+		return -errno;
+
+	/* use invalid perf_event FD to get EBADF, if link is supported;
+	 * otherwise EINVAL should be returned
+	 */
+	link_fd = bpf_link_create(prog_fd, -1, BPF_PERF_EVENT, NULL);
+	err = -errno; /* close() can clobber errno */
+
+	if (link_fd >= 0)
+		close(link_fd);
+	close(prog_fd);
+
+	return link_fd < 0 && err == -EBADF;
+}
+
+static int probe_uprobe_multi_link(int token_fd)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, load_opts,
+		.expected_attach_type = BPF_TRACE_UPROBE_MULTI,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_link_create_opts, link_opts);
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	int prog_fd, link_fd, err;
+	unsigned long offset = 0;
+
+	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE, NULL, "GPL",
+				insns, ARRAY_SIZE(insns), &load_opts);
+	if (prog_fd < 0)
+		return -errno;
+
+	/* Creating uprobe in '/' binary should fail with -EBADF. */
+	link_opts.uprobe_multi.path = "/";
+	link_opts.uprobe_multi.offsets = &offset;
+	link_opts.uprobe_multi.cnt = 1;
+
+	link_fd = bpf_link_create(prog_fd, -1, BPF_TRACE_UPROBE_MULTI, &link_opts);
+	err = -errno; /* close() can clobber errno */
+
+	if (link_fd >= 0)
+		close(link_fd);
+	close(prog_fd);
+
+	return link_fd < 0 && err == -EBADF;
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_bpf_cookie(int token_fd)
+{
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_get_attach_cookie),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
+	int ret, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &opts);
+	return probe_fd(ret);
+}
+
+static int probe_kern_btf_enum64(int token_fd)
+{
+	static const char strs[] = "\0enum64";
+	__u32 types[] = {
+		BTF_TYPE_ENC(1, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_ENUM64, 0, 0), 8),
+	};
+
+	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
+					     strs, sizeof(strs), token_fd));
+}
+
+typedef int (*feature_probe_fn)(int /* token_fd */);
+
+static struct kern_feature_cache feature_cache;
+
+static struct kern_feature_desc {
+	const char *desc;
+	feature_probe_fn probe;
+} feature_probes[__FEAT_CNT] = {
+	[FEAT_PROG_NAME] = {
+		"BPF program name", probe_kern_prog_name,
+	},
+	[FEAT_GLOBAL_DATA] = {
+		"global variables", probe_kern_global_data,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF] = {
+		"minimal BTF", probe_kern_btf,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF_FUNC] = {
+		"BTF functions", probe_kern_btf_func,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF_GLOBAL_FUNC] = {
+		"BTF global function", probe_kern_btf_func_global,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF_DATASEC] = {
+		"BTF data section and variable", probe_kern_btf_datasec,
+	},
+	[FEAT_ARRAY_MMAP] = {
+		"ARRAY map mmap()", probe_kern_array_mmap,
+	},
+	[FEAT_EXP_ATTACH_TYPE] = {
+		"BPF_PROG_LOAD expected_attach_type attribute",
+		probe_kern_exp_attach_type,
+	},
+	[FEAT_PROBE_READ_KERN] = {
+		"bpf_probe_read_kernel() helper", probe_kern_probe_read_kernel,
+	},
+	[FEAT_PROG_BIND_MAP] = {
+		"BPF_PROG_BIND_MAP support", probe_prog_bind_map,
+	},
+	[FEAT_MODULE_BTF] = {
+		"module BTF support", probe_module_btf,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF_FLOAT] = {
+		"BTF_KIND_FLOAT support", probe_kern_btf_float,
+	},
+	[FEAT_PERF_LINK] = {
+		"BPF perf link support", probe_perf_link,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF_DECL_TAG] = {
+		"BTF_KIND_DECL_TAG support", probe_kern_btf_decl_tag,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF_TYPE_TAG] = {
+		"BTF_KIND_TYPE_TAG support", probe_kern_btf_type_tag,
+	},
+	[FEAT_MEMCG_ACCOUNT] = {
+		"memcg-based memory accounting", probe_memcg_account,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BPF_COOKIE] = {
+		"BPF cookie support", probe_kern_bpf_cookie,
+	},
+	[FEAT_BTF_ENUM64] = {
+		"BTF_KIND_ENUM64 support", probe_kern_btf_enum64,
+	},
+	[FEAT_SYSCALL_WRAPPER] = {
+		"Kernel using syscall wrapper", probe_kern_syscall_wrapper,
+	},
+	[FEAT_UPROBE_MULTI_LINK] = {
+		"BPF multi-uprobe link support", probe_uprobe_multi_link,
+	},
+};
+
+bool feat_supported(struct kern_feature_cache *cache, enum kern_feature_id feat_id)
+{
+	struct kern_feature_desc *feat = &feature_probes[feat_id];
+	int ret;
+
+	/* assume global feature cache, unless custom one is provided */
+	if (!cache)
+		cache = &feature_cache;
+
+	if (READ_ONCE(cache->res[feat_id]) == FEAT_UNKNOWN) {
+		ret = feat->probe(cache->token_fd);
+		if (ret > 0) {
+			WRITE_ONCE(cache->res[feat_id], FEAT_SUPPORTED);
+		} else if (ret == 0) {
+			WRITE_ONCE(cache->res[feat_id], FEAT_MISSING);
+		} else {
+			pr_warn("Detection of kernel %s support failed: %d\n", feat->desc, ret);
+			WRITE_ONCE(cache->res[feat_id], FEAT_MISSING);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return READ_ONCE(cache->res[feat_id]) == FEAT_SUPPORTED;
+}
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
index 0569b4973a4f..fa7094ff3e66 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.c
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@
 #define BPF_FS_MAGIC		0xcafe4a11
 #endif
 
+#define BPF_FS_DEFAULT_PATH "/sys/fs/bpf"
+
 #define BPF_INSN_SZ (sizeof(struct bpf_insn))
 
 /* vsprintf() in __base_pr() uses nonliteral format string. It may break
@@ -695,6 +697,10 @@ struct bpf_object {
 
 	struct usdt_manager *usdt_man;
 
+	struct kern_feature_cache *feat_cache;
+	char *token_path;
+	int token_fd;
+
 	char path[];
 };
 
@@ -2231,7 +2237,7 @@ static int build_map_pin_path(struct bpf_map *map, const char *path)
 	int err;
 
 	if (!path)
-		path = "/sys/fs/bpf";
+		path = BPF_FS_DEFAULT_PATH;
 
 	err = pathname_concat(buf, sizeof(buf), path, bpf_map__name(map));
 	if (err)
@@ -3240,7 +3246,7 @@ static int bpf_object__sanitize_and_load_btf(struct bpf_object *obj)
 	} else {
 		/* currently BPF_BTF_LOAD only supports log_level 1 */
 		err = btf_load_into_kernel(kern_btf, obj->log_buf, obj->log_size,
-					   obj->log_level ? 1 : 0);
+					   obj->log_level ? 1 : 0, obj->token_fd);
 	}
 	if (sanitize) {
 		if (!err) {
@@ -4561,6 +4567,58 @@ int bpf_map__set_max_entries(struct bpf_map *map, __u32 max_entries)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int bpf_object_prepare_token(struct bpf_object *obj)
+{
+	const char *bpffs_path;
+	int bpffs_fd = -1, token_fd, err;
+	bool mandatory;
+	enum libbpf_print_level level;
+
+	/* token is explicitly prevented */
+	if (obj->token_path && obj->token_path[0] == '\0') {
+		pr_debug("object '%s': token is prevented, skipping...\n", obj->name);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	mandatory = obj->token_path != NULL;
+	level = mandatory ? LIBBPF_WARN : LIBBPF_DEBUG;
+
+	bpffs_path = obj->token_path ?: BPF_FS_DEFAULT_PATH;
+	bpffs_fd = open(bpffs_path, O_DIRECTORY, O_RDWR);
+	if (bpffs_fd < 0) {
+		err = -errno;
+		__pr(level, "object '%s': failed (%d) to open BPF FS mount at '%s'%s\n",
+		     obj->name, err, bpffs_path,
+		     mandatory ? "" : ", skipping optional step...");
+		return mandatory ? err : 0;
+	}
+
+	token_fd = bpf_token_create(bpffs_fd, 0);
+	close(bpffs_fd);
+	if (token_fd < 0) {
+		if (!mandatory && token_fd == -ENOENT) {
+			pr_debug("object '%s': BPF FS at '%s' doesn't have BPF token delegation set up, skipping...\n",
+				 obj->name, bpffs_path);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		__pr(level, "object '%s': failed (%d) to create BPF token from '%s'%s\n",
+		     obj->name, token_fd, bpffs_path,
+		     mandatory ? "" : ", skipping optional step...");
+		return mandatory ? token_fd : 0;
+	}
+
+	obj->feat_cache = calloc(1, sizeof(*obj->feat_cache));
+	if (!obj->feat_cache) {
+		close(token_fd);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	obj->token_fd = token_fd;
+	obj->feat_cache->token_fd = token_fd;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int
 bpf_object__probe_loading(struct bpf_object *obj)
 {
@@ -4570,6 +4628,10 @@ bpf_object__probe_loading(struct bpf_object *obj)
 		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
 	};
 	int ret, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, opts,
+		.token_fd = obj->token_fd,
+		.prog_flags = obj->token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
 
 	if (obj->gen_loader)
 		return 0;
@@ -4579,9 +4641,9 @@ bpf_object__probe_loading(struct bpf_object *obj)
 		pr_warn("Failed to bump RLIMIT_MEMLOCK (err = %d), you might need to do it explicitly!\n", ret);
 
 	/* make sure basic loading works */
-	ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, NULL);
+	ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &opts);
 	if (ret < 0)
-		ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, NULL);
+		ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &opts);
 	if (ret < 0) {
 		ret = errno;
 		cp = libbpf_strerror_r(ret, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
@@ -4596,462 +4658,18 @@ bpf_object__probe_loading(struct bpf_object *obj)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int probe_fd(int fd)
-{
-	if (fd >= 0)
-		close(fd);
-	return fd >= 0;
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_prog_name(void)
-{
-	const size_t attr_sz = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, prog_name);
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	union bpf_attr attr;
-	int ret;
-
-	memset(&attr, 0, attr_sz);
-	attr.prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER;
-	attr.license = ptr_to_u64("GPL");
-	attr.insns = ptr_to_u64(insns);
-	attr.insn_cnt = (__u32)ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
-	libbpf_strlcpy(attr.prog_name, "libbpf_nametest", sizeof(attr.prog_name));
-
-	/* make sure loading with name works */
-	ret = sys_bpf_prog_load(&attr, attr_sz, PROG_LOAD_ATTEMPTS);
-	return probe_fd(ret);
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_global_data(void)
-{
-	char *cp, errmsg[STRERR_BUFSIZE];
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_LD_MAP_VALUE(BPF_REG_1, 0, 16),
-		BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_1, 0, 42),
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	int ret, map, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
-
-	map = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, "libbpf_global", sizeof(int), 32, 1, NULL);
-	if (map < 0) {
-		ret = -errno;
-		cp = libbpf_strerror_r(ret, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
-		pr_warn("Error in %s():%s(%d). Couldn't create simple array map.\n",
-			__func__, cp, -ret);
-		return ret;
-	}
-
-	insns[0].imm = map;
-
-	ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, NULL);
-	close(map);
-	return probe_fd(ret);
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0int";
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* int */
-		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf_func(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0int\0x\0a";
-	/* void x(int a) {} */
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* int */
-		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
-		/* FUNC_PROTO */                                /* [2] */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(0, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC_PROTO, 0, 1), 0),
-		BTF_PARAM_ENC(7, 1),
-		/* FUNC x */                                    /* [3] */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(5, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC, 0, 0), 2),
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf_func_global(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0int\0x\0a";
-	/* static void x(int a) {} */
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* int */
-		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
-		/* FUNC_PROTO */                                /* [2] */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(0, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC_PROTO, 0, 1), 0),
-		BTF_PARAM_ENC(7, 1),
-		/* FUNC x BTF_FUNC_GLOBAL */                    /* [3] */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(5, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_FUNC, 0, BTF_FUNC_GLOBAL), 2),
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf_datasec(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0x\0.data";
-	/* static int a; */
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* int */
-		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(0, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
-		/* VAR x */                                     /* [2] */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(1, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_VAR, 0, 0), 1),
-		BTF_VAR_STATIC,
-		/* DATASEC val */                               /* [3] */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(3, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_DATASEC, 0, 1), 4),
-		BTF_VAR_SECINFO_ENC(2, 0, 4),
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf_float(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0float";
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* float */
-		BTF_TYPE_FLOAT_ENC(1, 4),
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf_decl_tag(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0tag";
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* int */
-		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(0, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
-		/* VAR x */                                     /* [2] */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(1, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_VAR, 0, 0), 1),
-		BTF_VAR_STATIC,
-		/* attr */
-		BTF_TYPE_DECL_TAG_ENC(1, 2, -1),
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf_type_tag(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0tag";
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* int */
-		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(0, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),		/* [1] */
-		/* attr */
-		BTF_TYPE_TYPE_TAG_ENC(1, 1),				/* [2] */
-		/* ptr */
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(0, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_PTR, 0, 0), 2),	/* [3] */
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_array_mmap(void)
-{
-	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_map_create_opts, opts, .map_flags = BPF_F_MMAPABLE);
-	int fd;
-
-	fd = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, "libbpf_mmap", sizeof(int), sizeof(int), 1, &opts);
-	return probe_fd(fd);
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_exp_attach_type(void)
-{
-	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, opts, .expected_attach_type = BPF_CGROUP_INET_SOCK_CREATE);
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	int fd, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
-
-	/* use any valid combination of program type and (optional)
-	 * non-zero expected attach type (i.e., not a BPF_CGROUP_INET_INGRESS)
-	 * to see if kernel supports expected_attach_type field for
-	 * BPF_PROG_LOAD command
-	 */
-	fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, &opts);
-	return probe_fd(fd);
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_probe_read_kernel(void)
-{
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10),	/* r1 = r10 (fp) */
-		BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_1, -8),	/* r1 += -8 */
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 8),		/* r2 = 8 */
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, 0),		/* r3 = 0 */
-		BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_probe_read_kernel),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	int fd, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
-
-	fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, NULL);
-	return probe_fd(fd);
-}
-
-static int probe_prog_bind_map(void)
-{
-	char *cp, errmsg[STRERR_BUFSIZE];
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	int ret, map, prog, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
-
-	map = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, "libbpf_det_bind", sizeof(int), 32, 1, NULL);
-	if (map < 0) {
-		ret = -errno;
-		cp = libbpf_strerror_r(ret, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
-		pr_warn("Error in %s():%s(%d). Couldn't create simple array map.\n",
-			__func__, cp, -ret);
-		return ret;
-	}
-
-	prog = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, NULL);
-	if (prog < 0) {
-		close(map);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	ret = bpf_prog_bind_map(prog, map, NULL);
-
-	close(map);
-	close(prog);
-
-	return ret >= 0;
-}
-
-static int probe_module_btf(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0int";
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		/* int */
-		BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(1, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),
-	};
-	struct bpf_btf_info info;
-	__u32 len = sizeof(info);
-	char name[16];
-	int fd, err;
-
-	fd = libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types), strs, sizeof(strs));
-	if (fd < 0)
-		return 0; /* BTF not supported at all */
-
-	memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
-	info.name = ptr_to_u64(name);
-	info.name_len = sizeof(name);
-
-	/* check that BPF_OBJ_GET_INFO_BY_FD supports specifying name pointer;
-	 * kernel's module BTF support coincides with support for
-	 * name/name_len fields in struct bpf_btf_info.
-	 */
-	err = bpf_btf_get_info_by_fd(fd, &info, &len);
-	close(fd);
-	return !err;
-}
-
-static int probe_perf_link(void)
-{
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	int prog_fd, link_fd, err;
-
-	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, NULL, "GPL",
-				insns, ARRAY_SIZE(insns), NULL);
-	if (prog_fd < 0)
-		return -errno;
-
-	/* use invalid perf_event FD to get EBADF, if link is supported;
-	 * otherwise EINVAL should be returned
-	 */
-	link_fd = bpf_link_create(prog_fd, -1, BPF_PERF_EVENT, NULL);
-	err = -errno; /* close() can clobber errno */
-
-	if (link_fd >= 0)
-		close(link_fd);
-	close(prog_fd);
-
-	return link_fd < 0 && err == -EBADF;
-}
-
-static int probe_uprobe_multi_link(void)
-{
-	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, load_opts,
-		.expected_attach_type = BPF_TRACE_UPROBE_MULTI,
-	);
-	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_link_create_opts, link_opts);
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	int prog_fd, link_fd, err;
-	unsigned long offset = 0;
-
-	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE, NULL, "GPL",
-				insns, ARRAY_SIZE(insns), &load_opts);
-	if (prog_fd < 0)
-		return -errno;
-
-	/* Creating uprobe in '/' binary should fail with -EBADF. */
-	link_opts.uprobe_multi.path = "/";
-	link_opts.uprobe_multi.offsets = &offset;
-	link_opts.uprobe_multi.cnt = 1;
-
-	link_fd = bpf_link_create(prog_fd, -1, BPF_TRACE_UPROBE_MULTI, &link_opts);
-	err = -errno; /* close() can clobber errno */
-
-	if (link_fd >= 0)
-		close(link_fd);
-	close(prog_fd);
-
-	return link_fd < 0 && err == -EBADF;
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_bpf_cookie(void)
-{
-	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
-		BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_get_attach_cookie),
-		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
-	};
-	int ret, insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
-
-	ret = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE, NULL, "GPL", insns, insn_cnt, NULL);
-	return probe_fd(ret);
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_btf_enum64(void)
-{
-	static const char strs[] = "\0enum64";
-	__u32 types[] = {
-		BTF_TYPE_ENC(1, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_ENUM64, 0, 0), 8),
-	};
-
-	return probe_fd(libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-					     strs, sizeof(strs)));
-}
-
-static int probe_kern_syscall_wrapper(void);
-
-enum kern_feature_result {
-	FEAT_UNKNOWN = 0,
-	FEAT_SUPPORTED = 1,
-	FEAT_MISSING = 2,
-};
-
-typedef int (*feature_probe_fn)(void);
-
-static struct kern_feature_desc {
-	const char *desc;
-	feature_probe_fn probe;
-	enum kern_feature_result res;
-} feature_probes[__FEAT_CNT] = {
-	[FEAT_PROG_NAME] = {
-		"BPF program name", probe_kern_prog_name,
-	},
-	[FEAT_GLOBAL_DATA] = {
-		"global variables", probe_kern_global_data,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF] = {
-		"minimal BTF", probe_kern_btf,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF_FUNC] = {
-		"BTF functions", probe_kern_btf_func,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF_GLOBAL_FUNC] = {
-		"BTF global function", probe_kern_btf_func_global,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF_DATASEC] = {
-		"BTF data section and variable", probe_kern_btf_datasec,
-	},
-	[FEAT_ARRAY_MMAP] = {
-		"ARRAY map mmap()", probe_kern_array_mmap,
-	},
-	[FEAT_EXP_ATTACH_TYPE] = {
-		"BPF_PROG_LOAD expected_attach_type attribute",
-		probe_kern_exp_attach_type,
-	},
-	[FEAT_PROBE_READ_KERN] = {
-		"bpf_probe_read_kernel() helper", probe_kern_probe_read_kernel,
-	},
-	[FEAT_PROG_BIND_MAP] = {
-		"BPF_PROG_BIND_MAP support", probe_prog_bind_map,
-	},
-	[FEAT_MODULE_BTF] = {
-		"module BTF support", probe_module_btf,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF_FLOAT] = {
-		"BTF_KIND_FLOAT support", probe_kern_btf_float,
-	},
-	[FEAT_PERF_LINK] = {
-		"BPF perf link support", probe_perf_link,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF_DECL_TAG] = {
-		"BTF_KIND_DECL_TAG support", probe_kern_btf_decl_tag,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF_TYPE_TAG] = {
-		"BTF_KIND_TYPE_TAG support", probe_kern_btf_type_tag,
-	},
-	[FEAT_MEMCG_ACCOUNT] = {
-		"memcg-based memory accounting", probe_memcg_account,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BPF_COOKIE] = {
-		"BPF cookie support", probe_kern_bpf_cookie,
-	},
-	[FEAT_BTF_ENUM64] = {
-		"BTF_KIND_ENUM64 support", probe_kern_btf_enum64,
-	},
-	[FEAT_SYSCALL_WRAPPER] = {
-		"Kernel using syscall wrapper", probe_kern_syscall_wrapper,
-	},
-	[FEAT_UPROBE_MULTI_LINK] = {
-		"BPF multi-uprobe link support", probe_uprobe_multi_link,
-	},
-};
-
 bool kernel_supports(const struct bpf_object *obj, enum kern_feature_id feat_id)
 {
-	struct kern_feature_desc *feat = &feature_probes[feat_id];
-	int ret;
-
 	if (obj && obj->gen_loader)
 		/* To generate loader program assume the latest kernel
 		 * to avoid doing extra prog_load, map_create syscalls.
 		 */
 		return true;
 
-	if (READ_ONCE(feat->res) == FEAT_UNKNOWN) {
-		ret = feat->probe();
-		if (ret > 0) {
-			WRITE_ONCE(feat->res, FEAT_SUPPORTED);
-		} else if (ret == 0) {
-			WRITE_ONCE(feat->res, FEAT_MISSING);
-		} else {
-			pr_warn("Detection of kernel %s support failed: %d\n", feat->desc, ret);
-			WRITE_ONCE(feat->res, FEAT_MISSING);
-		}
-	}
+	if (obj->token_fd)
+		return feat_supported(obj->feat_cache, feat_id);
 
-	return READ_ONCE(feat->res) == FEAT_SUPPORTED;
+	return feat_supported(NULL, feat_id);
 }
 
 static bool map_is_reuse_compat(const struct bpf_map *map, int map_fd)
@@ -5175,6 +4793,9 @@ static int bpf_object__create_map(struct bpf_object *obj, struct bpf_map *map, b
 	create_attr.map_flags = def->map_flags;
 	create_attr.numa_node = map->numa_node;
 	create_attr.map_extra = map->map_extra;
+	create_attr.token_fd = obj->token_fd;
+	if (obj->token_fd)
+		create_attr.map_flags |= BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
 
 	if (bpf_map__is_struct_ops(map)) {
 		create_attr.btf_vmlinux_value_type_id = map->btf_vmlinux_value_type_id;
@@ -6887,7 +6508,7 @@ static int probe_kern_arg_ctx_tag(void)
 	if (cached_result >= 0)
 		return cached_result;
 
-	btf_fd = libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types), strs, sizeof(strs));
+	btf_fd = libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types), strs, sizeof(strs), 0);
 	if (btf_fd < 0)
 		return 0;
 
@@ -7496,6 +7117,10 @@ static int bpf_object_load_prog(struct bpf_object *obj, struct bpf_program *prog
 	load_attr.prog_flags = prog->prog_flags;
 	load_attr.fd_array = obj->fd_array;
 
+	load_attr.token_fd = obj->token_fd;
+	if (obj->token_fd)
+		load_attr.prog_flags |= BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+
 	/* adjust load_attr if sec_def provides custom preload callback */
 	if (prog->sec_def && prog->sec_def->prog_prepare_load_fn) {
 		err = prog->sec_def->prog_prepare_load_fn(prog, &load_attr, prog->sec_def->cookie);
@@ -7941,7 +7566,7 @@ static int bpf_object_init_progs(struct bpf_object *obj, const struct bpf_object
 static struct bpf_object *bpf_object_open(const char *path, const void *obj_buf, size_t obj_buf_sz,
 					  const struct bpf_object_open_opts *opts)
 {
-	const char *obj_name, *kconfig, *btf_tmp_path;
+	const char *obj_name, *kconfig, *btf_tmp_path, *token_path;
 	struct bpf_object *obj;
 	char tmp_name[64];
 	int err;
@@ -7978,6 +7603,16 @@ static struct bpf_object *bpf_object_open(const char *path, const void *obj_buf,
 	if (log_size && !log_buf)
 		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
 
+	token_path = OPTS_GET(opts, bpf_token_path, NULL);
+	/* if user didn't specify bpf_token_path explicitly, check if
+	 * LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH envvar was set and treat it as bpf_token_path
+	 * option
+	 */
+	if (!token_path)
+		token_path = getenv("LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH");
+	if (token_path && strlen(token_path) >= PATH_MAX)
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
+
 	obj = bpf_object__new(path, obj_buf, obj_buf_sz, obj_name);
 	if (IS_ERR(obj))
 		return obj;
@@ -7986,6 +7621,14 @@ static struct bpf_object *bpf_object_open(const char *path, const void *obj_buf,
 	obj->log_size = log_size;
 	obj->log_level = log_level;
 
+	if (token_path) {
+		obj->token_path = strdup(token_path);
+		if (!obj->token_path) {
+			err = -ENOMEM;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
 	btf_tmp_path = OPTS_GET(opts, btf_custom_path, NULL);
 	if (btf_tmp_path) {
 		if (strlen(btf_tmp_path) >= PATH_MAX) {
@@ -8496,7 +8139,8 @@ static int bpf_object_load(struct bpf_object *obj, int extra_log_level, const ch
 	if (obj->gen_loader)
 		bpf_gen__init(obj->gen_loader, extra_log_level, obj->nr_programs, obj->nr_maps);
 
-	err = bpf_object__probe_loading(obj);
+	err = bpf_object_prepare_token(obj);
+	err = err ? : bpf_object__probe_loading(obj);
 	err = err ? : bpf_object__load_vmlinux_btf(obj, false);
 	err = err ? : bpf_object__resolve_externs(obj, obj->kconfig);
 	err = err ? : bpf_object__sanitize_maps(obj);
@@ -9031,6 +8675,11 @@ void bpf_object__close(struct bpf_object *obj)
 	}
 	zfree(&obj->programs);
 
+	zfree(&obj->feat_cache);
+	zfree(&obj->token_path);
+	if (obj->token_fd > 0)
+		close(obj->token_fd);
+
 	free(obj);
 }
 
@@ -11053,7 +10702,7 @@ static const char *arch_specific_syscall_pfx(void)
 #endif
 }
 
-static int probe_kern_syscall_wrapper(void)
+int probe_kern_syscall_wrapper(int token_fd)
 {
 	char syscall_name[64];
 	const char *ksys_pfx;
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.h b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.h
index 6cd9c501624f..5723cbbfcc41 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.h
@@ -177,10 +177,29 @@ struct bpf_object_open_opts {
 	 * logs through its print callback.
 	 */
 	__u32 kernel_log_level;
+	/* Path to BPF FS mount point to derive BPF token from.
+	 *
+	 * Created BPF token will be used for all bpf() syscall operations
+	 * that accept BPF token (e.g., map creation, BTF and program loads,
+	 * etc) automatically within instantiated BPF object.
+	 *
+	 * If bpf_token_path is not specified, libbpf will consult
+	 * LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH environment variable. If set, it will be
+	 * taken as a value of bpf_token_path option and will force libbpf to
+	 * either create BPF token from provided custom BPF FS path, or will
+	 * disable implicit BPF token creation, if envvar value is an empty
+	 * string. bpf_token_path overrides LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH, if both are
+	 * set at the same time.
+	 *
+	 * Setting bpf_token_path option to empty string disables libbpf's
+	 * automatic attempt to create BPF token from default BPF FS mount
+	 * point (/sys/fs/bpf), in case this default behavior is undesirable.
+	 */
+	const char *bpf_token_path;
 
 	size_t :0;
 };
-#define bpf_object_open_opts__last_field kernel_log_level
+#define bpf_object_open_opts__last_field bpf_token_path
 
 /**
  * @brief **bpf_object__open()** creates a bpf_object by opening
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.map b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.map
index 91c5aef7dae7..d9e1f57534fa 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.map
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.map
@@ -411,4 +411,5 @@ LIBBPF_1.3.0 {
 } LIBBPF_1.2.0;
 
 LIBBPF_1.4.0 {
+		bpf_token_create;
 } LIBBPF_1.3.0;
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
index 58c547d473e0..930cc9616527 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_internal.h
@@ -361,15 +361,32 @@ enum kern_feature_id {
 	__FEAT_CNT,
 };
 
-int probe_memcg_account(void);
+enum kern_feature_result {
+	FEAT_UNKNOWN = 0,
+	FEAT_SUPPORTED = 1,
+	FEAT_MISSING = 2,
+};
+
+struct kern_feature_cache {
+	enum kern_feature_result res[__FEAT_CNT];
+	int token_fd;
+};
+
+bool feat_supported(struct kern_feature_cache *cache, enum kern_feature_id feat_id);
 bool kernel_supports(const struct bpf_object *obj, enum kern_feature_id feat_id);
+
+int probe_kern_syscall_wrapper(int token_fd);
+int probe_memcg_account(int token_fd);
 int bump_rlimit_memlock(void);
 
 int parse_cpu_mask_str(const char *s, bool **mask, int *mask_sz);
 int parse_cpu_mask_file(const char *fcpu, bool **mask, int *mask_sz);
 int libbpf__load_raw_btf(const char *raw_types, size_t types_len,
-			 const char *str_sec, size_t str_len);
-int btf_load_into_kernel(struct btf *btf, char *log_buf, size_t log_sz, __u32 log_level);
+			 const char *str_sec, size_t str_len,
+			 int token_fd);
+int btf_load_into_kernel(struct btf *btf,
+			 char *log_buf, size_t log_sz, __u32 log_level,
+			 int token_fd);
 
 struct btf *btf_get_from_fd(int btf_fd, struct btf *base_btf);
 void btf_get_kernel_prefix_kind(enum bpf_attach_type attach_type,
@@ -533,6 +550,17 @@ static inline bool is_ldimm64_insn(struct bpf_insn *insn)
 	return insn->code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW);
 }
 
+/* Unconditionally dup FD, ensuring it doesn't use [0, 2] range.
+ * Original FD is not closed or altered in any other way.
+ * Preserves original FD value, if it's invalid (negative).
+ */
+static inline int dup_good_fd(int fd)
+{
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return fd;
+	return fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+}
+
 /* if fd is stdin, stdout, or stderr, dup to a fd greater than 2
  * Takes ownership of the fd passed in, and closes it if calling
  * fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3).
@@ -544,7 +572,7 @@ static inline int ensure_good_fd(int fd)
 	if (fd < 0)
 		return fd;
 	if (fd < 3) {
-		fd = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+		fd = dup_good_fd(fd);
 		saved_errno = errno;
 		close(old_fd);
 		errno = saved_errno;
@@ -623,4 +651,6 @@ int elf_resolve_syms_offsets(const char *binary_path, int cnt,
 int elf_resolve_pattern_offsets(const char *binary_path, const char *pattern,
 				 unsigned long **poffsets, size_t *pcnt);
 
+int probe_fd(int fd);
+
 #endif /* __LIBBPF_LIBBPF_INTERNAL_H */
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_probes.c b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_probes.c
index 98373d126d9d..ee9b1dbea9eb 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_probes.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/libbpf_probes.c
@@ -219,7 +219,8 @@ int libbpf_probe_bpf_prog_type(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type, const void *opts)
 }
 
 int libbpf__load_raw_btf(const char *raw_types, size_t types_len,
-			 const char *str_sec, size_t str_len)
+			 const char *str_sec, size_t str_len,
+			 int token_fd)
 {
 	struct btf_header hdr = {
 		.magic = BTF_MAGIC,
@@ -229,6 +230,10 @@ int libbpf__load_raw_btf(const char *raw_types, size_t types_len,
 		.str_off = types_len,
 		.str_len = str_len,
 	};
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_btf_load_opts, opts,
+		.token_fd = token_fd,
+		.btf_flags = token_fd ? BPF_F_TOKEN_FD : 0,
+	);
 	int btf_fd, btf_len;
 	__u8 *raw_btf;
 
@@ -241,7 +246,7 @@ int libbpf__load_raw_btf(const char *raw_types, size_t types_len,
 	memcpy(raw_btf + hdr.hdr_len, raw_types, hdr.type_len);
 	memcpy(raw_btf + hdr.hdr_len + hdr.type_len, str_sec, hdr.str_len);
 
-	btf_fd = bpf_btf_load(raw_btf, btf_len, NULL);
+	btf_fd = bpf_btf_load(raw_btf, btf_len, &opts);
 
 	free(raw_btf);
 	return btf_fd;
@@ -271,7 +276,7 @@ static int load_local_storage_btf(void)
 	};
 
 	return libbpf__load_raw_btf((char *)types, sizeof(types),
-				     strs, sizeof(strs));
+				     strs, sizeof(strs), 0);
 }
 
 static int probe_map_create(enum bpf_map_type map_type)
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/str_error.h b/tools/lib/bpf/str_error.h
index a139334d57b6..626d7ffb03d6 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/str_error.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/str_error.h
@@ -2,5 +2,8 @@
 #ifndef __LIBBPF_STR_ERROR_H
 #define __LIBBPF_STR_ERROR_H
 
+#define STRERR_BUFSIZE  128
+
 char *libbpf_strerror_r(int err, char *dst, int len);
+
 #endif /* __LIBBPF_STR_ERROR_H */
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_probes.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_probes.c
index 9f766ddd946a..4ed46ed58a7b 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_probes.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_probes.c
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ void test_libbpf_probe_prog_types(void)
 
 		if (prog_type == BPF_PROG_TYPE_UNSPEC)
 			continue;
+		if (strcmp(prog_type_name, "__MAX_BPF_PROG_TYPE") == 0)
+			continue;
 
 		if (!test__start_subtest(prog_type_name))
 			continue;
@@ -68,6 +70,8 @@ void test_libbpf_probe_map_types(void)
 
 		if (map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_UNSPEC)
 			continue;
+		if (strcmp(map_type_name, "__MAX_BPF_MAP_TYPE") == 0)
+			continue;
 
 		if (!test__start_subtest(map_type_name))
 			continue;
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_str.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_str.c
index eb34d612d6f8..62ea855ec4d0 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_str.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/libbpf_str.c
@@ -132,6 +132,9 @@ static void test_libbpf_bpf_map_type_str(void)
 		const char *map_type_str;
 		char buf[256];
 
+		if (map_type == __MAX_BPF_MAP_TYPE)
+			continue;
+
 		map_type_name = btf__str_by_offset(btf, e->name_off);
 		map_type_str = libbpf_bpf_map_type_str(map_type);
 		ASSERT_OK_PTR(map_type_str, map_type_name);
@@ -186,6 +189,9 @@ static void test_libbpf_bpf_prog_type_str(void)
 		const char *prog_type_str;
 		char buf[256];
 
+		if (prog_type == __MAX_BPF_PROG_TYPE)
+			continue;
+
 		prog_type_name = btf__str_by_offset(btf, e->name_off);
 		prog_type_str = libbpf_bpf_prog_type_str(prog_type);
 		ASSERT_OK_PTR(prog_type_str, prog_type_name);
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/token.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/token.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fc4a175d8d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/token.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1052 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <test_progs.h>
+#include <bpf/btf.h>
+#include "cap_helpers.h"
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/filter.h>
+#include <linux/unistd.h>
+#include <linux/mount.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include "priv_map.skel.h"
+#include "priv_prog.skel.h"
+#include "dummy_st_ops_success.skel.h"
+#include "token_lsm.skel.h"
+
+static inline int sys_mount(const char *dev_name, const char *dir_name,
+			    const char *type, unsigned long flags,
+			    const void *data)
+{
+	return syscall(__NR_mount, dev_name, dir_name, type, flags, data);
+}
+
+static inline int sys_fsopen(const char *fsname, unsigned flags)
+{
+	return syscall(__NR_fsopen, fsname, flags);
+}
+
+static inline int sys_fspick(int dfd, const char *path, unsigned flags)
+{
+	return syscall(__NR_fspick, dfd, path, flags);
+}
+
+static inline int sys_fsconfig(int fs_fd, unsigned cmd, const char *key, const void *val, int aux)
+{
+	return syscall(__NR_fsconfig, fs_fd, cmd, key, val, aux);
+}
+
+static inline int sys_fsmount(int fs_fd, unsigned flags, unsigned ms_flags)
+{
+	return syscall(__NR_fsmount, fs_fd, flags, ms_flags);
+}
+
+static inline int sys_move_mount(int from_dfd, const char *from_path,
+				 int to_dfd, const char *to_path,
+				 unsigned flags)
+{
+	return syscall(__NR_move_mount, from_dfd, from_path, to_dfd, to_path, flags);
+}
+
+static int drop_priv_caps(__u64 *old_caps)
+{
+	return cap_disable_effective((1ULL << CAP_BPF) |
+				     (1ULL << CAP_PERFMON) |
+				     (1ULL << CAP_NET_ADMIN) |
+				     (1ULL << CAP_SYS_ADMIN), old_caps);
+}
+
+static int restore_priv_caps(__u64 old_caps)
+{
+	return cap_enable_effective(old_caps, NULL);
+}
+
+static int set_delegate_mask(int fs_fd, const char *key, __u64 mask, const char *mask_str)
+{
+	char buf[32];
+	int err;
+
+	if (!mask_str) {
+		if (mask == ~0ULL) {
+			mask_str = "any";
+		} else {
+			snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "0x%llx", (unsigned long long)mask);
+			mask_str = buf;
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = sys_fsconfig(fs_fd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, key,
+			   mask_str, 0);
+	if (err < 0)
+		err = -errno;
+	return err;
+}
+
+#define zclose(fd) do { if (fd >= 0) close(fd); fd = -1; } while (0)
+
+struct bpffs_opts {
+	__u64 cmds;
+	__u64 maps;
+	__u64 progs;
+	__u64 attachs;
+	const char *cmds_str;
+	const char *maps_str;
+	const char *progs_str;
+	const char *attachs_str;
+};
+
+static int create_bpffs_fd(void)
+{
+	int fs_fd;
+
+	/* create VFS context */
+	fs_fd = sys_fsopen("bpf", 0);
+	ASSERT_GE(fs_fd, 0, "fs_fd");
+
+	return fs_fd;
+}
+
+static int materialize_bpffs_fd(int fs_fd, struct bpffs_opts *opts)
+{
+	int mnt_fd, err;
+
+	/* set up token delegation mount options */
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_cmds", opts->cmds, opts->cmds_str);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "fs_cfg_cmds"))
+		return err;
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_maps", opts->maps, opts->maps_str);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "fs_cfg_maps"))
+		return err;
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_progs", opts->progs, opts->progs_str);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "fs_cfg_progs"))
+		return err;
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_attachs", opts->attachs, opts->attachs_str);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "fs_cfg_attachs"))
+		return err;
+
+	/* instantiate FS object */
+	err = sys_fsconfig(fs_fd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return -errno;
+
+	/* create O_PATH fd for detached mount */
+	mnt_fd = sys_fsmount(fs_fd, 0, 0);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return -errno;
+
+	return mnt_fd;
+}
+
+/* send FD over Unix domain (AF_UNIX) socket */
+static int sendfd(int sockfd, int fd)
+{
+	struct msghdr msg = {};
+	struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+	int fds[1] = { fd }, err;
+	char iobuf[1];
+	struct iovec io = {
+		.iov_base = iobuf,
+		.iov_len = sizeof(iobuf),
+	};
+	union {
+		char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(fds))];
+		struct cmsghdr align;
+	} u;
+
+	msg.msg_iov = &io;
+	msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
+	msg.msg_control = u.buf;
+	msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(u.buf);
+	cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
+	cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
+	cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
+	cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(fds));
+	memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), fds, sizeof(fds));
+
+	err = sendmsg(sockfd, &msg, 0);
+	if (err < 0)
+		err = -errno;
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(err, 1, "sendmsg"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* receive FD over Unix domain (AF_UNIX) socket */
+static int recvfd(int sockfd, int *fd)
+{
+	struct msghdr msg = {};
+	struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+	int fds[1], err;
+	char iobuf[1];
+	struct iovec io = {
+		.iov_base = iobuf,
+		.iov_len = sizeof(iobuf),
+	};
+	union {
+		char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(fds))];
+		struct cmsghdr align;
+	} u;
+
+	msg.msg_iov = &io;
+	msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
+	msg.msg_control = u.buf;
+	msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(u.buf);
+
+	err = recvmsg(sockfd, &msg, 0);
+	if (err < 0)
+		err = -errno;
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(err, 1, "recvmsg"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(cmsg, "cmsg_null") ||
+	    !ASSERT_EQ(cmsg->cmsg_len, CMSG_LEN(sizeof(fds)), "cmsg_len") ||
+	    !ASSERT_EQ(cmsg->cmsg_level, SOL_SOCKET, "cmsg_level") ||
+	    !ASSERT_EQ(cmsg->cmsg_type, SCM_RIGHTS, "cmsg_type"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	memcpy(fds, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(fds));
+	*fd = fds[0];
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static ssize_t write_nointr(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
+{
+	ssize_t ret;
+
+	do {
+		ret = write(fd, buf, count);
+	} while (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int write_file(const char *path, const void *buf, size_t count)
+{
+	int fd;
+	ssize_t ret;
+
+	fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOCTTY | O_NOFOLLOW);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	ret = write_nointr(fd, buf, count);
+	close(fd);
+	if (ret < 0 || (size_t)ret != count)
+		return -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int create_and_enter_userns(void)
+{
+	uid_t uid;
+	gid_t gid;
+	char map[100];
+
+	uid = getuid();
+	gid = getgid();
+
+	if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (write_file("/proc/self/setgroups", "deny", sizeof("deny") - 1) &&
+	    errno != ENOENT)
+		return -1;
+
+	snprintf(map, sizeof(map), "0 %d 1", uid);
+	if (write_file("/proc/self/uid_map", map, strlen(map)))
+		return -1;
+
+
+	snprintf(map, sizeof(map), "0 %d 1", gid);
+	if (write_file("/proc/self/gid_map", map, strlen(map)))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (setgid(0))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (setuid(0))
+		return -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+typedef int (*child_callback_fn)(int bpffs_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel);
+
+static void child(int sock_fd, struct bpffs_opts *opts, child_callback_fn callback)
+{
+	int mnt_fd = -1, fs_fd = -1, err = 0, bpffs_fd = -1, token_fd = -1;
+	struct token_lsm *lsm_skel = NULL;
+
+	/* load and attach LSM "policy" before we go into unpriv userns */
+	lsm_skel = token_lsm__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(lsm_skel, "lsm_skel_load")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	lsm_skel->bss->my_pid = getpid();
+	err = token_lsm__attach(lsm_skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "lsm_skel_attach"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* setup userns with root mappings */
+	err = create_and_enter_userns();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "create_and_enter_userns"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* setup mountns to allow creating BPF FS (fsopen("bpf")) from unpriv process */
+	err = unshare(CLONE_NEWNS);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "create_mountns"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	err = sys_mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, 0);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "remount_root"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	fs_fd = create_bpffs_fd();
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(fs_fd, 0, "create_bpffs_fd")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* ensure unprivileged child cannot set delegation options */
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_cmds", 0x1, NULL);
+	ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_cmd_eperm");
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_maps", 0x1, NULL);
+	ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_maps_eperm");
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_progs", 0x1, NULL);
+	ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_progs_eperm");
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_attachs", 0x1, NULL);
+	ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_attachs_eperm");
+
+	/* pass BPF FS context object to parent */
+	err = sendfd(sock_fd, fs_fd);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "send_fs_fd"))
+		goto cleanup;
+	zclose(fs_fd);
+
+	/* avoid mucking around with mount namespaces and mounting at
+	 * well-known path, just get detach-mounted BPF FS fd back from parent
+	 */
+	err = recvfd(sock_fd, &mnt_fd);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "recv_mnt_fd"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* try to fspick() BPF FS and try to add some delegation options */
+	fs_fd = sys_fspick(mnt_fd, "", FSPICK_EMPTY_PATH);
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(fs_fd, 0, "bpffs_fspick")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* ensure unprivileged child cannot reconfigure to set delegation options */
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_cmds", 0, "any");
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_cmd_eperm_reconfig")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_maps", 0, "any");
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_maps_eperm_reconfig")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_progs", 0, "any");
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_progs_eperm_reconfig")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	err = set_delegate_mask(fs_fd, "delegate_attachs", 0, "any");
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(err, -EPERM, "delegate_attachs_eperm_reconfig")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	zclose(fs_fd);
+
+	bpffs_fd = openat(mnt_fd, ".", 0, O_RDWR);
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(bpffs_fd, 0, "bpffs_open")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* create BPF token FD and pass it to parent for some extra checks */
+	token_fd = bpf_token_create(bpffs_fd, NULL);
+	if (!ASSERT_GT(token_fd, 0, "child_token_create")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	err = sendfd(sock_fd, token_fd);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "send_token_fd"))
+		goto cleanup;
+	zclose(token_fd);
+
+	/* do custom test logic with customly set up BPF FS instance */
+	err = callback(bpffs_fd, lsm_skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "test_callback"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	err = 0;
+cleanup:
+	zclose(sock_fd);
+	zclose(mnt_fd);
+	zclose(fs_fd);
+	zclose(bpffs_fd);
+	zclose(token_fd);
+
+	lsm_skel->bss->my_pid = 0;
+	token_lsm__destroy(lsm_skel);
+
+	exit(-err);
+}
+
+static int wait_for_pid(pid_t pid)
+{
+	int status, ret;
+
+again:
+	ret = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+	if (ret == -1) {
+		if (errno == EINTR)
+			goto again;
+
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!WIFEXITED(status))
+		return -1;
+
+	return WEXITSTATUS(status);
+}
+
+static void parent(int child_pid, struct bpffs_opts *bpffs_opts, int sock_fd)
+{
+	int fs_fd = -1, mnt_fd = -1, token_fd = -1, err;
+
+	err = recvfd(sock_fd, &fs_fd);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "recv_bpffs_fd"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	mnt_fd = materialize_bpffs_fd(fs_fd, bpffs_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(mnt_fd, 0, "materialize_bpffs_fd")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	zclose(fs_fd);
+
+	/* pass BPF FS context object to parent */
+	err = sendfd(sock_fd, mnt_fd);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "send_mnt_fd"))
+		goto cleanup;
+	zclose(mnt_fd);
+
+	/* receive BPF token FD back from child for some extra tests */
+	err = recvfd(sock_fd, &token_fd);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "recv_token_fd"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	err = wait_for_pid(child_pid);
+	ASSERT_OK(err, "waitpid_child");
+
+cleanup:
+	zclose(sock_fd);
+	zclose(fs_fd);
+	zclose(mnt_fd);
+	zclose(token_fd);
+
+	if (child_pid > 0)
+		(void)kill(child_pid, SIGKILL);
+}
+
+static void subtest_userns(struct bpffs_opts *bpffs_opts,
+			   child_callback_fn child_cb)
+{
+	int sock_fds[2] = { -1, -1 };
+	int child_pid = 0, err;
+
+	err = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sock_fds);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "socketpair"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	child_pid = fork();
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(child_pid, 0, "fork"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	if (child_pid == 0) {
+		zclose(sock_fds[0]);
+		return child(sock_fds[1], bpffs_opts, child_cb);
+
+	} else {
+		zclose(sock_fds[1]);
+		return parent(child_pid, bpffs_opts, sock_fds[0]);
+	}
+
+cleanup:
+	zclose(sock_fds[0]);
+	zclose(sock_fds[1]);
+	if (child_pid > 0)
+		(void)kill(child_pid, SIGKILL);
+}
+
+static int userns_map_create(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_map_create_opts, map_opts);
+	int err, token_fd = -1, map_fd = -1;
+	__u64 old_caps = 0;
+
+	/* create BPF token from BPF FS mount */
+	token_fd = bpf_token_create(mnt_fd, NULL);
+	if (!ASSERT_GT(token_fd, 0, "token_create")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* while inside non-init userns, we need both a BPF token *and*
+	 * CAP_BPF inside current userns to create privileged map; let's test
+	 * that neither BPF token alone nor namespaced CAP_BPF is sufficient
+	 */
+	err = drop_priv_caps(&old_caps);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "drop_caps"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* no token, no CAP_BPF -> fail */
+	map_opts.map_flags = 0;
+	map_opts.token_fd = 0;
+	map_fd = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK, "wo_token_wo_bpf", 0, 8, 1, &map_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_LT(map_fd, 0, "stack_map_wo_token_wo_cap_bpf_should_fail")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* token without CAP_BPF -> fail */
+	map_opts.map_flags = BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+	map_opts.token_fd = token_fd;
+	map_fd = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK, "w_token_wo_bpf", 0, 8, 1, &map_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_LT(map_fd, 0, "stack_map_w_token_wo_cap_bpf_should_fail")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* get back effective local CAP_BPF (and CAP_SYS_ADMIN) */
+	err = restore_priv_caps(old_caps);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "restore_caps"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* CAP_BPF without token -> fail */
+	map_opts.map_flags = 0;
+	map_opts.token_fd = 0;
+	map_fd = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK, "wo_token_w_bpf", 0, 8, 1, &map_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_LT(map_fd, 0, "stack_map_wo_token_w_cap_bpf_should_fail")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* finally, namespaced CAP_BPF + token -> success */
+	map_opts.map_flags = BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+	map_opts.token_fd = token_fd;
+	map_fd = bpf_map_create(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK, "w_token_w_bpf", 0, 8, 1, &map_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_GT(map_fd, 0, "stack_map_w_token_w_cap_bpf")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+cleanup:
+	zclose(token_fd);
+	zclose(map_fd);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int userns_btf_load(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_btf_load_opts, btf_opts);
+	int err, token_fd = -1, btf_fd = -1;
+	const void *raw_btf_data;
+	struct btf *btf = NULL;
+	__u32 raw_btf_size;
+	__u64 old_caps = 0;
+
+	/* create BPF token from BPF FS mount */
+	token_fd = bpf_token_create(mnt_fd, NULL);
+	if (!ASSERT_GT(token_fd, 0, "token_create")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* while inside non-init userns, we need both a BPF token *and*
+	 * CAP_BPF inside current userns to create privileged map; let's test
+	 * that neither BPF token alone nor namespaced CAP_BPF is sufficient
+	 */
+	err = drop_priv_caps(&old_caps);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "drop_caps"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* setup a trivial BTF data to load to the kernel */
+	btf = btf__new_empty();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(btf, "empty_btf"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	ASSERT_GT(btf__add_int(btf, "int", 4, 0), 0, "int_type");
+
+	raw_btf_data = btf__raw_data(btf, &raw_btf_size);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(raw_btf_data, "raw_btf_data"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* no token + no CAP_BPF -> failure */
+	btf_opts.btf_flags = 0;
+	btf_opts.token_fd = 0;
+	btf_fd = bpf_btf_load(raw_btf_data, raw_btf_size, &btf_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_LT(btf_fd, 0, "no_token_no_cap_should_fail"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* token + no CAP_BPF -> failure */
+	btf_opts.btf_flags = BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+	btf_opts.token_fd = token_fd;
+	btf_fd = bpf_btf_load(raw_btf_data, raw_btf_size, &btf_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_LT(btf_fd, 0, "token_no_cap_should_fail"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* get back effective local CAP_BPF (and CAP_SYS_ADMIN) */
+	err = restore_priv_caps(old_caps);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "restore_caps"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* token + CAP_BPF -> success */
+	btf_opts.btf_flags = BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+	btf_opts.token_fd = token_fd;
+	btf_fd = bpf_btf_load(raw_btf_data, raw_btf_size, &btf_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_GT(btf_fd, 0, "token_and_cap_success"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	err = 0;
+cleanup:
+	btf__free(btf);
+	zclose(btf_fd);
+	zclose(token_fd);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int userns_prog_load(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_prog_load_opts, prog_opts);
+	int err, token_fd = -1, prog_fd = -1;
+	struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
+		/* bpf_jiffies64() requires CAP_BPF */
+		BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_jiffies64),
+		/* bpf_get_current_task() requires CAP_PERFMON */
+		BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_get_current_task),
+		/* r0 = 0; exit; */
+		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
+		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
+	};
+	size_t insn_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(insns);
+	__u64 old_caps = 0;
+
+	/* create BPF token from BPF FS mount */
+	token_fd = bpf_token_create(mnt_fd, NULL);
+	if (!ASSERT_GT(token_fd, 0, "token_create")) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* validate we can successfully load BPF program with token; this
+	 * being XDP program (CAP_NET_ADMIN) using bpf_jiffies64() (CAP_BPF)
+	 * and bpf_get_current_task() (CAP_PERFMON) helpers validates we have
+	 * BPF token wired properly in a bunch of places in the kernel
+	 */
+	prog_opts.prog_flags = BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+	prog_opts.token_fd = token_fd;
+	prog_opts.expected_attach_type = BPF_XDP;
+	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP, "token_prog", "GPL",
+				insns, insn_cnt, &prog_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_GT(prog_fd, 0, "prog_fd")) {
+		err = -EPERM;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* no token + caps -> failure */
+	prog_opts.prog_flags = 0;
+	prog_opts.token_fd = 0;
+	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP, "token_prog", "GPL",
+				insns, insn_cnt, &prog_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(prog_fd, -EPERM, "prog_fd_eperm")) {
+		err = -EPERM;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	err = drop_priv_caps(&old_caps);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "drop_caps"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* no caps + token -> failure */
+	prog_opts.prog_flags = BPF_F_TOKEN_FD;
+	prog_opts.token_fd = token_fd;
+	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP, "token_prog", "GPL",
+				insns, insn_cnt, &prog_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(prog_fd, -EPERM, "prog_fd_eperm")) {
+		err = -EPERM;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* no caps + no token -> definitely a failure */
+	prog_opts.prog_flags = 0;
+	prog_opts.token_fd = 0;
+	prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP, "token_prog", "GPL",
+				insns, insn_cnt, &prog_opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(prog_fd, -EPERM, "prog_fd_eperm")) {
+		err = -EPERM;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	err = 0;
+cleanup:
+	zclose(prog_fd);
+	zclose(token_fd);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int userns_obj_priv_map(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, opts);
+	char buf[256];
+	struct priv_map *skel;
+	int err;
+
+	skel = priv_map__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR_PTR(skel, "obj_tokenless_load")) {
+		priv_map__destroy(skel);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* use bpf_token_path to provide BPF FS path */
+	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/proc/self/fd/%d", mnt_fd);
+	opts.bpf_token_path = buf;
+	skel = priv_map__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_token_path_open"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	err = priv_map__load(skel);
+	priv_map__destroy(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "obj_token_path_load"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int userns_obj_priv_prog(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, opts);
+	char buf[256];
+	struct priv_prog *skel;
+	int err;
+
+	skel = priv_prog__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR_PTR(skel, "obj_tokenless_load")) {
+		priv_prog__destroy(skel);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* use bpf_token_path to provide BPF FS path */
+	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/proc/self/fd/%d", mnt_fd);
+	opts.bpf_token_path = buf;
+	skel = priv_prog__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_token_path_open"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+	err = priv_prog__load(skel);
+	priv_prog__destroy(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "obj_token_path_load"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	/* provide BPF token, but reject bpf_token_capable() with LSM */
+	lsm_skel->bss->reject_capable = true;
+	lsm_skel->bss->reject_cmd = false;
+	skel = priv_prog__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_token_lsm_reject_cap_open"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+	err = priv_prog__load(skel);
+	priv_prog__destroy(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR(err, "obj_token_lsm_reject_cap_load"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	/* provide BPF token, but reject bpf_token_cmd() with LSM */
+	lsm_skel->bss->reject_capable = false;
+	lsm_skel->bss->reject_cmd = true;
+	skel = priv_prog__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_token_lsm_reject_cmd_open"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+	err = priv_prog__load(skel);
+	priv_prog__destroy(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR(err, "obj_token_lsm_reject_cmd_load"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* this test is called with BPF FS that doesn't delegate BPF_BTF_LOAD command,
+ * which should cause struct_ops application to fail, as BTF won't be uploaded
+ * into the kernel, even if STRUCT_OPS programs themselves are allowed
+ */
+static int validate_struct_ops_load(int mnt_fd, bool expect_success)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, opts);
+	char buf[256];
+	struct dummy_st_ops_success *skel;
+	int err;
+
+	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/proc/self/fd/%d", mnt_fd);
+	opts.bpf_token_path = buf;
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_token_path_open"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	err = dummy_st_ops_success__load(skel);
+	dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+	if (expect_success) {
+		if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "obj_token_path_load"))
+			return -EINVAL;
+	} else /* expect failure */ {
+		if (!ASSERT_ERR(err, "obj_token_path_load"))
+			return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int userns_obj_priv_btf_fail(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	return validate_struct_ops_load(mnt_fd, false /* should fail */);
+}
+
+static int userns_obj_priv_btf_success(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	return validate_struct_ops_load(mnt_fd, true /* should succeed */);
+}
+
+#define TOKEN_ENVVAR "LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH"
+#define TOKEN_BPFFS_CUSTOM "/bpf-token-fs"
+
+static int userns_obj_priv_implicit_token(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, opts);
+	struct dummy_st_ops_success *skel;
+	int err;
+
+	/* before we mount BPF FS with token delegation, struct_ops skeleton
+	 * should fail to load
+	 */
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR_PTR(skel, "obj_tokenless_load")) {
+		dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* mount custom BPF FS over /sys/fs/bpf so that libbpf can create BPF
+	 * token automatically and implicitly
+	 */
+	err = sys_move_mount(mnt_fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/sys/fs/bpf", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "move_mount_bpffs"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	/* disable implicit BPF token creation by setting
+	 * LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH envvar to empty value, load should fail
+	 */
+	err = setenv(TOKEN_ENVVAR, "", 1 /*overwrite*/);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "setenv_token_path"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR_PTR(skel, "obj_token_envvar_disabled_load")) {
+		unsetenv(TOKEN_ENVVAR);
+		dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	unsetenv(TOKEN_ENVVAR);
+
+	/* now the same struct_ops skeleton should succeed thanks to libppf
+	 * creating BPF token from /sys/fs/bpf mount point
+	 */
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_implicit_token_load"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+
+	/* now disable implicit token through empty bpf_token_path, should fail */
+	opts.bpf_token_path = "";
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_empty_token_path_open"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	err = dummy_st_ops_success__load(skel);
+	dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR(err, "obj_empty_token_path_load"))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int userns_obj_priv_implicit_token_envvar(int mnt_fd, struct token_lsm *lsm_skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, opts);
+	struct dummy_st_ops_success *skel;
+	int err;
+
+	/* before we mount BPF FS with token delegation, struct_ops skeleton
+	 * should fail to load
+	 */
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR_PTR(skel, "obj_tokenless_load")) {
+		dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* mount custom BPF FS over custom location, so libbpf can't create
+	 * BPF token implicitly, unless pointed to it through
+	 * LIBBPF_BPF_TOKEN_PATH envvar
+	 */
+	rmdir(TOKEN_BPFFS_CUSTOM);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(mkdir(TOKEN_BPFFS_CUSTOM, 0777), "mkdir_bpffs_custom"))
+		goto err_out;
+	err = sys_move_mount(mnt_fd, "", AT_FDCWD, TOKEN_BPFFS_CUSTOM, MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "move_mount_bpffs"))
+		goto err_out;
+
+	/* even though we have BPF FS with delegation, it's not at default
+	 * /sys/fs/bpf location, so we still fail to load until envvar is set up
+	 */
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR_PTR(skel, "obj_tokenless_load2")) {
+		dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+		goto err_out;
+	}
+
+	err = setenv(TOKEN_ENVVAR, TOKEN_BPFFS_CUSTOM, 1 /*overwrite*/);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "setenv_token_path"))
+		goto err_out;
+
+	/* now the same struct_ops skeleton should succeed thanks to libppf
+	 * creating BPF token from custom mount point
+	 */
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_implicit_token_load"))
+		goto err_out;
+
+	dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+
+	/* now disable implicit token through empty bpf_token_path, envvar
+	 * will be ignored, should fail
+	 */
+	opts.bpf_token_path = "";
+	skel = dummy_st_ops_success__open_opts(&opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "obj_empty_token_path_open"))
+		goto err_out;
+
+	err = dummy_st_ops_success__load(skel);
+	dummy_st_ops_success__destroy(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_ERR(err, "obj_empty_token_path_load"))
+		goto err_out;
+
+	rmdir(TOKEN_BPFFS_CUSTOM);
+	unsetenv(TOKEN_ENVVAR);
+	return 0;
+err_out:
+	rmdir(TOKEN_BPFFS_CUSTOM);
+	unsetenv(TOKEN_ENVVAR);
+	return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+#define bit(n) (1ULL << (n))
+
+void test_token(void)
+{
+	if (test__start_subtest("map_token")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			.cmds_str = "map_create",
+			.maps_str = "stack",
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_map_create);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("btf_token")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			.cmds = 1ULL << BPF_BTF_LOAD,
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_btf_load);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("prog_token")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			.cmds_str = "PROG_LOAD",
+			.progs_str = "XDP",
+			.attachs_str = "xdp",
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_prog_load);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("obj_priv_map")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			.cmds = bit(BPF_MAP_CREATE),
+			.maps = bit(BPF_MAP_TYPE_QUEUE),
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_obj_priv_map);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("obj_priv_prog")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			.cmds = bit(BPF_PROG_LOAD),
+			.progs = bit(BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE),
+			.attachs = ~0ULL,
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_obj_priv_prog);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("obj_priv_btf_fail")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			/* disallow BTF loading */
+			.cmds = bit(BPF_MAP_CREATE) | bit(BPF_PROG_LOAD),
+			.maps = bit(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.progs = bit(BPF_PROG_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.attachs = ~0ULL,
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_obj_priv_btf_fail);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("obj_priv_btf_success")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			/* allow BTF loading */
+			.cmds = bit(BPF_BTF_LOAD) | bit(BPF_MAP_CREATE) | bit(BPF_PROG_LOAD),
+			.maps = bit(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.progs = bit(BPF_PROG_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.attachs = ~0ULL,
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_obj_priv_btf_success);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("obj_priv_implicit_token")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			/* allow BTF loading */
+			.cmds = bit(BPF_BTF_LOAD) | bit(BPF_MAP_CREATE) | bit(BPF_PROG_LOAD),
+			.maps = bit(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.progs = bit(BPF_PROG_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.attachs = ~0ULL,
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_obj_priv_implicit_token);
+	}
+	if (test__start_subtest("obj_priv_implicit_token_envvar")) {
+		struct bpffs_opts opts = {
+			/* allow BTF loading */
+			.cmds = bit(BPF_BTF_LOAD) | bit(BPF_MAP_CREATE) | bit(BPF_PROG_LOAD),
+			.maps = bit(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.progs = bit(BPF_PROG_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS),
+			.attachs = ~0ULL,
+		};
+
+		subtest_userns(&opts, userns_obj_priv_implicit_token_envvar);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/priv_map.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/priv_map.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9085be50f03b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/priv_map.c
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
+
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_QUEUE);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+	__type(value, __u32);
+} priv_map SEC(".maps");
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/priv_prog.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/priv_prog.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3c7b2b618c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/priv_prog.c
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
+
+SEC("kprobe")
+int kprobe_prog(void *ctx)
+{
+	return 1;
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/token_lsm.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/token_lsm.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e4d59b6ba743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/token_lsm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2024 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
+
+int my_pid;
+bool reject_capable;
+bool reject_cmd;
+
+SEC("lsm/bpf_token_capable")
+int BPF_PROG(token_capable, struct bpf_token *token, int cap)
+{
+	if (my_pid == 0 || my_pid != (bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32))
+		return 0;
+	if (reject_capable)
+		return -1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("lsm/bpf_token_cmd")
+int BPF_PROG(token_cmd, struct bpf_token *token, enum bpf_cmd cmd)
+{
+	if (my_pid == 0 || my_pid != (bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32))
+		return 0;
+	if (reject_cmd)
+		return -1;
+	return 0;
+}